손한Sonhwan

DOI:

Abstract

The Research was to being to light the kind of sports activities that Korean students in Japan had before and during the Second World War. In order to do this, the research closely examines the actual conditions, characteristics, sports activities, and the sports centers of the students who returned to Korea from Japan. As a result, the following can be concluded; 1. During the beginning of Koreans studying in Japan, students were mostly made up of an envoy of people around their twenties. These students were mostly from the "the party for enlightenment" which consisted of people the Imperial Household, the old Korean government, children of families of high stature, and students with strong backgrounds, all of which were under government funding. At first, these students entered into "Keiogizuku"(慶應義塾), and then crossed over to "Rikugunsikangakkou"(陸軍士官學校), "Tokyosenmongakkou"(東京專門學校). Later on, the students entered into schools such as "Tokyohuritsudaiichityuugakkou"(東京府立第一中學校), "Meijihouritsugakkou"(明治法律學校). However, in 1905 right after the "Uel-Sa Preservation Treaty"(乙巳保護條約) was declared, privately funded people, such as students from the landowning classes, high-ranking officials, capitalists, and the children of commoners began to grow. These students entered into each municipal college that Japan had to offer, studying law, economics, and other civil-social sciences. 2. The student organizations formed in the early period were forced to be dissolved due to internal discords and the financial problems facing the Korean Empire: and, later, separate individual student organizations were formed by areas, by government-financed students and privately financed students, and by Japanese language training institutes. However, Korean students launched an organization campaign to remedy such phenomenon of having separate organizations and, finally, succeeded in integrating organizations into a single body after undergoing a series of temporary unification. 3. The sports theory of the Korean student organization in Japan emphasized the necessity of physical education as the means of seeking the wealth and military strength of the nation, considering the external and internal situation during the initial and independence period to the Japanese annexation of Korea. However, during the period of integration realized under the Japanese protective period, detailed contents of sporks were presented as the sports were recognized as the basis of seeking recovery of national rights. Major contents were the introduction to the physical education provided by the USA and the construction of sports facilities. 4. The sports activities carried out by the Korean student organizations in Japan did not contain independent sports activities in the initial period, and members participated only in the athletic meetings held by "Keiogizuku"(慶應義塾). During the independence period, however, activities of recreational nature. Such as individual athletic meetings, picnics, and sea bathing were carried out. It is considered that such activities were held to promote harmony and unity among Korean students studying abroad and to inspire students with the national consciousness. After organizations were integrated, students not only held athletic meetings in local areas but also made trips to home country to hold a match. 5. Students returning home from abroad during the period before liberation from Japanese rule definitely cannot be ruled out from explaining how modern day Korean sports and national education was formed. Physical education seminars and the creating of many sports groups, teaching concurrent physical education, judo, weight lifting, was taught in the educational fields and general population to help promote health and physical stamina helping to circulate modern sports through schools and society. After Koreas` liberation from Japanese rule, the erection of sports facilities and pressing the urge

Key Words

유근직YooKun-Jick

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this paper was to point out some primary factors of these conditions which exerted influence on fixing the type of the playground of elementary schools. The materials, chiefly used for this paper, consisted of the Manuals of School Building Plan which were published by the Ministry of Education (1913) and the Standard for Elementary School Facilities in 1927. In the period from the establishment of the institution of modern school system (1894) to the revision of the standard for elementary school facilities (1910∼1945), the playground of elementary schools in Korea had been well equipped. During this period, the following four conditions were the requisites of establishing a playground: a) The surface of a playground should be flat without any obstacles, b) a playground should be established in parallel with a school building, c) the space of a playground obtained by locating a school building in the corner of school area to assign the rest of the space for the playground should occupy more than a half of the school area, and d) the form of a playground should be square.

Key Words

장성수ChangSoung-Soo

DOI:

Abstract

This study have got a conclusion as the result catch hold of these historical facts by a comprehensive history for sought after the character of leisure-culture in those days with a historical understanding and deductive discovery on rock throwing fight and on oriental wrestling carried out with leisure-culture activities in the ancient times, as follow. I considered that leisure-culture must be grasped the ancient times turned up tribe nations with show sign a leisure-culture rather than the stone ages to give an explanation on it. Then, the Young-Ko of Bu Yo, the Bong-Mang of KoKuRyea, the Mu Chun of Ye and the after sowing-a fruitful year were a festival of national events and an agricultural ceremony. We could understood that the event, alias Back He Ka Mu with the later event alias Back HE Ka Mu with the later event was the New year-festival activities to evinced a existence-possibility of diverse womanhood-plays. In leisure culture of our nation, I understood that the importance of rock throwing fight and oriental wrestling contributed to martial activities through physical development, reinforcement, and advocated to a local-the spirit of unity and a love of one’s province too. These two events, in this way, must have be a latent-massive power through cultural background, emotion and a nature of history. For that reason, we had not performed rock throwing fight a considerable period because of forbaded compulsorily by criminal laws in under the rule of Japanese imperialism. But, after the restoration of independence, rock throwing fight have gone out of sight with lost meaning an agricultural ceremony in urbanized Seoul. On the other hand, Oriental wrestling have attracted concern to numerous people with holding of the competition of professional folk oriental wrestling. Therefore, I understood that rock throwing fight and oriental wrestling played a decisive role in total korean’s history, classified into the the former was activity of the begining of the year and the latter was it of ordinary times. And, we could estimated that these both parties inspired a martial spirit and leaded a role to estabilish a tenacious body. I considered that we made an effort to took back the original-movement method by reformation in a modern style by the quality of the material of goods, performance method and that meaning etc, for the sake of reappeared by what means the rock throwing fight, died out in present.

Key Words

전매희ChunMae-Hee , 엄정식UmJung-Sik

DOI:

Abstract

The civilized group raised about the time of opening ports to foreign trade positively accepted the Christianity as the Western civilization and did effort to accomplish civilization of Korea. The activity of civilization by missionaries had our people open their eyes for the consciousness of civilization against feudalism. By missionaries of enlightened age established schools, the phase of ideology began to be changed, and the concept of the physical training up to now was a physical motion to be a supplemental mean to train feats of arms based on pleasure but then became to have a progressive character to stretch itself to be an education for the whole man, it seems to be so. Especially missionaries have introduced the modern sports, which became to prepare a conclusive motive of social sports to extendedly spread to general people as well as schools. And the Capital Christian Young Men’s Association founded by missionaries contributed to the development with holding athletic meeting of each kind and infusing our national people with physical training to be an essential element to educate them as well as the moral education and intellectual training, having them understand a way to recover state power in lighting the state of things through physical training and preserve the physical training of nationalism with developing and spreading conventional games, basketball, baseball, skating, etc. and hardening the self-strength theory through lecture meetings to emphasize the necessity of sports games, while attempting the qualitative improvement through sending abroad the special secretaries. Also with first introducing to the Korea and spreaded the modern sports such as basketball, baseball, skating, etc. missionaries contributed to the quantitative development as well as the qualitative development with training the sports experts. In addition to it, they played a pivotal role to spread and develop the modern sports for the purpose of recovery of state power. The spread of these sports raised their physical strength with giving interested and various sports to national people addicted to their traditional sports, brought the reinforcing for spiritual strength, cultivated the sound young men, brought qualitative improvement with progressing the basic ability of man and the spread of physical training by a policy.

Key Words

이정학LeeJeong-Hak

DOI:

Abstract

According to catharsis theory, human beings are instinctively aggressive and sport represents the best available means for discharging this instinctive in a socially constructive way. The expression of physicalness in the from of aggression or violence or physical contact in sport is only one outlet for such expressions. Catharsis implies the ideas of purging of that energy which has anti-social possibility. For example, boxing is an extreme example of a sport where aggression, violence, and brutality are accepted by the participants and many of the fans as an integral part of the game. However, watching sport, especially a sport like boxing where is controlled violence, spectators, and so renders them less violent, in act if not in intention. That is to say, the value of boxing is readily apparent in relieving the pugnacious tendencies of human beings. Coupled with the surplus energy theory, the catharsis theory suggested a vital necessity for active play to help youth burn up excessive energy and provide a socially acceptable channel for aggressive. According to catharsis theory in sport, sport offers human being opportunities for pleasurable and exciting competition and physical combat under controlled conditions. Furthermore, sport have to do with the purging, or relief, of pent-up emotions, particularly hostility, frustration, and aggression. Many physical educators have advocated sport as an acceptable means of venting aggression and hostility.

Key Words

이철진LeeChul-Jin , 김정명GimJeong-Myung

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate a dancer’s experience and his interpretation on dance obtained during his performance and disciplining himself in his own dance. In order to grasp the ‘lived experiences’, a phenomenological description and analysis was employed in this study. The findings and conclusions of this study were as follows; 1. The internal structure of the experiences emerged during training dance could be divided into three stages introduction, commitment, readjustment and evaluation, if classified according to time zone. The ultimate goal of its internal structure was the stage of commitment where the discipline brought about some positive experiences needed for sustaining continuous training of the dance. 2. The ‘Peak Experience’ during dance performance was classified into such categories, as the feeling of inspiration, the feeling of sovereignty, mystic integration, total absorption, feeling of joy, creative imagination, self assurance, spontaneous movement of body, and feeling of energy. The categories of ‘Peak Experience’ as the ‘altered state of consciousness’ were suggested by many theorists, and they were confirmed in this work. 3. The inter-subjective relationships between the performer and the audience(observer) were ascertained in this work. Furthermore the open perspective of performer and the aesthetic distancing of audience were emphasized for empathy. In conclusion, it was suggested that scientific approaches to dance performance could overlook and exclude real value of dance. To realize the real values of traditional dance, various research methods ought to be developed from the performer’s standpoint.

Key Words

이학준LeeHak-Jun

DOI:

Abstract

A society that speaks well of sports means that is sound society. basically, health can bring some economical benefits. ill body cannot bring its desirable condition back as me say "keep your health when you are in good shape", healthy society accompanying with people’s sound morale and physical fitness. we should pay a lot mare efforts and money for bringing our body back to healthful condition. a weak country should pay lots of money to medication. but, as perspective of preventive medicine, a society which backs sports can cut down its medical cost. for society that recommend sports, we need to do sports and give sanction to sport for eurolizing to people. healthy society is made by sound minded people on its core. sports has full of effect that energize a society. otherwise, a society in favor of alcohol, can easily be a ruined, dilapidated society by health problems and medical over-cost. today, our society is under pre-eminence of alcohol-friendly culture. dare me should acclaim to sports for a harbinger to new era of community culture.

Key Words

고재곤KoJae-Gon , 김창호KimChang-Ho

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this case study was to analyze the site conditions for sports facilities using the network module, one of GIS(Geographic Information System). The means of analysis used was Arc/Info Network Module designed to specify the site conditions for sports facilities. If sports facilities can be installed using such scientific modules, the following effects will be anticipated; First, a scientific ground can be used to supply the public assets or sports facilities to regions in a fair way, and some academic base can be arranged to have sports facility programs match their goals. Second, since every geographic information and people’s needs as well as existing sports facilities can be taken into consideration, priorities can be set in terms of scale, type and quantity of sports facilities. The result will be prevention of duplicate or excessive investments and improvement of public sports facility operation. Moreover, the sports facilities thus installed will serve their original goals of people’s better life quality. Third, since sports facilities can be supplied in a balanced way in terms of demographic variables (sexes, ages and socio-economic classes), people’s health conditions will be enhanced with least investments in sports facilities.

Key Words

김사엽KimSa-Yeop , 김영귀KimYoung-Kui

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between player’s satisfaction and leadership behavior style of coaches. 300 subjects were selected from the players registered at the Korea Hockey Association by the stratified cluster random sampling method in 2000. The questionnaires were used to collect data, Questionnaire for coaching behavior used by Chelladurai & Saleh(1978) was adopted to measure the leadership behavior style of hockey coaches. Questionnaire for player’s satisfaction used by Lee, Chang-Kook(2000) was adopted to measure players satisfaction. In order to analyze the data, frequencies, one way ANOVA, standard multiple regression were used on SPSS window version 8.0 program. The implications of the study are as follow: Firstly, the leadership behavior style of hockey coaches classified by socio-demographic trait was different in part. Players who belong to the company team prefer democratic behavior style, social support behavior style and positive reward behavior style. Players who have a lot of entry experiences for competition recognize the present coaches and accept all types of trait on hockey coaches. Players’ satisfaction classified by socio-demographic trait was different in part. Players who belong to the company team showed much satisfaction in task performance, while players who belong to the university team showed much satisfaction in coaching behavior satisfaction. Players who have often participated in the competitions showed higher satisfaction in task performance and social relationships. Secondly, there were partial relations between leadership behavior style of hockey coaches and players’ satisfaction. Players prefer training and instructing behavior style, social support behavior style, and tyrant behavior style. However, players who prefer tyrant behavior style recognize their present coaches as social support behavior style.

Key Words

김사엽KimSa-Yeup , 김희중KimHee-Jung

DOI:

Abstract

This study was designed to analyze the influence of hockey judges’ decition on athletes’ mind and performance. To analyze withdraw, after removed questionnaire endiligent, to use ANOVA, Bivariate Correlations of Pearson and Multiple Regression in Window SPSS 8.0. The results of the study were as follows; 1. The result about the influence of hockey judges’ decition on athletes’ mind and performance in basis variable 1-1. In Judges’ decition, the following sex was shown useful difference statistically in judge’s ability and manner.(p<.05) 1-2. 1-3 years groups were shown useful difference statistically.(p<.05) 1-3. It was shown useful difference statistically in athletes’ mind.(p<.05) 1-4. It was shown useful difference statistically in the influence of game.(p<.05) 2. The result about judge’s decition and athletes’ mind, it was shown useful difference statistically in judges’ ability(p<.001) and manner(p<.05). Also, In the influence of game, it was shown useful difference statistically in judges’ manner.(p<.05) In the result, it was shown lower of reliability about judges’. The average about sex difference of male and female was higher than male, high-school student was higher than middle school’s. It was appeared high of need about victory more than more experience of game. On the basis variables, the athletes’ higher career was shown mind and manner of negative. In the result, it was necessary that judges’ regulation education, more and more experience and to give of exactness ability.

Key Words

류무열RyuMu-Yeol , 신영균ShinYoung-Khun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate how exactly 21 delinquent juveniles causing social trouble who classified by my past study are discriminated. The objects of past study were 1773 middle and high school students living in Pusan. In order to test the degree of trust and propriety on the study, Cronbach’s α and Factorial Validity Analysis using Varimax method were used. Wilker’s λ was used in order to analyse delinquent juvenile discriminations by sports environment and psychic characteristics. The findings of this study are the followings. 1. By result of discrimination function for classifying delinquent juvenile on male students, self-a notion and anxiety factor have differences between delinquent juveniles’ group and normal juveniles’ group. By result of χ², discrimination numbers between two groups have difference. Exact estimation percentage of delinquent juvenile is 78.2%. 2. By result of discrimination function for classifying delinquent juvenile on female students and χ², discrimination numbers between two groups have no differences and exact estimation percentage of delinquent juvenile is 66.11%. 3. By result of discrimination function for classifying delinquent juvenile on male and female, male and female groups have no differences. By result of χ², discrimination numbers between two groups have low degree of difference and exact estimation percentage of delinquent juvenile is 61.7%.

Key Words

염두승YeomDoo-Seoung

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is the environment of the sports program has an effect on the participation of mass sparrt. it closely examines the satisfaction of the program partiapants, by studying the environmental effects of the sports programs’ locale and the actual participation of the mass sport program. The members of the sample group are adults between the age of 19 and 56, and have lived in the Youngdong area from 1999 until the present time. Using systematic stratified cluster random sampling, this study analyzes 631 data out of 700 data. The research method uses two kinds of questionnaires. The first questionnaire is that of Im Bun-chang(1986), Kim Jong-sun(1988), Pang Ji-sun(1992), Lee Jong-yong(1991) and the Athletics Institute of the college of education at Seoul University(1989) which investigated the real state which people participate in national athletics. The second questionnaire is taken from McPherson(1972) and Greendorfer(1974)’s research. On the basis of these, this study makes out a questionnaire draft and verifies its validity and reliability. Statistical methods for analyzing data include One-way ANOVA, Sheffe’s Multiple Comparison and Multiple Regression. The conclusion, on the basis of research methods and analytic data, is as follows. First, social properties among the population have an effect on the environment of the sports programs, Among these sports properties, the variety of these is very influential. Second, the highex the effectiveness, variety and interest of sports programs, the greater the participation of participants in these programs. The higher the variety and effectiveness, the longer the span of time in which people will participate. specifically the effectiveness of a program is the most influential factor in the frequency of participation.

Key Words

윤종국YunJong-Kook

DOI:

Abstract

As the migration of population due to industrialization and urbanization got deepened, Korean traditional community which had been concentrated through strong solidary sense based on traditional moral sense within all kinds of social groups by the medium of ties of territory or ties of blood was destructed. Therefore new community development is being required to solve this situation. Based on this recoginition, this study is to prove empirically the possibility of contribution toward new community development through various partiapation in sport of urban residents. As subjects for study, participants in sport among Taejon Metropolitan City residents were set up, and then total samples of 1,100 copies were collected using the cluster random sampling. Among them samples of 82 copies estimated either poor answers and worthless materials were excluded. Therefore, finally, samples of 1,018 copies were employed for data analysis. Items of questionnaires related to community development were used after testing validity and reliability through preliminary test. As statistic techniques to analyze the collected data, Frequency analysis, correlation analysis, Multiple regression analysis were served. Results are as follows. First, soaal interaction of partiapants in sports has an effect on community affection. Second, social won of partiapants in sports has an effect on willingness for commitment. Third, social interaction of participants in sports has an effect on cognition of integration. Forth, social interaction of participants in sports has an effect on community evaluation. That is, social interaction of participants in sports has an effect on urban community development. This means that by medium of community sport the exchange of colleagues and neighbors becomes deeper, feelings of ties of urban residents get formed as well, through this community consciousness such as affections for territory, feelings of solidarity, and role consciousness get awakened and so community consciousness becomes strong, and as it facilitates active community participation, it suggests that it can be an important mechanism to develope new ideal urban community.

Key Words

Lee Kyung-hoon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate theoretical relationship between cultural studies and sport based on central concepts of cultural studies, thus it is possible to re-evaluate the significant status of sport in contemporary society. This study also analyzes and explains various gender issues in sport through central paradigm of cultural studies. It is necessary to introduce newly-developed theoretical framework which significantly explain various social phenomena and cultures in contemporary society. Therefore, it is important to understand the meaningful relationship between cultural studies and sport based on their central concepts.

Key Words

이종영LeeJong-Young

DOI:

Abstract

This study investigated the causal relationships among employees` participation in sports activities, their flow experience, followership, and organizational citizenship behavior. In order to empirically test the relationships, the data were collected from the sample of 720 employees who works in over medium size business organizations located in six metropolitan areas of Korea. The sample was selected using the methods of proportionate probability sampling and random sampling. Among the data from 720 employees, 584 employees data were used for analysis after filtering the unreliable data. The collected data were analyzed to test the causal relationships using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, ANCOVA, multi-classification analysis, and covariance structure analysis of SPSS/PC+ 8.0 version and Amos 3.6 version statistical package. From the above analysis, the following conclusions were obtained: Firstly, the employees who participate in sports activities frequently and consistently tend to have strong flow experiences, and to exert active role behavior as followers, and to perform considerate behaviors to other members. Secondly, the employees who have strong cognitive flow experience in sports activities tend to exert independent and active role behavior as followers, and perform positive organizational citizenship behavior. And the employees who have strong behavioral flow experience in sport activities tend to exert active role behaviors as followers, and perform participatory organizational citizenship behavior. Thirdly, the employees who exert independent role behavior as followers tend to perform participatory acid problem-preventive organizational citizenship behaviors. And the employees who exert active role behavior as followers tend to perform positive organizational citizenship behavior. Fourth, there exist causal relationships among employees` participation in sports activities, their flow experience, followership, and organizational citizenship behavior. This causal model fits well with empirical data.

Key Words

이진갑LeeJin-Gap

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is the examination of the leisure sports participation’s influence to the morality and the social relationship of the youth. First, we establish the youth who stay in Seoul & KyungSangDo(in an year 1999) to the mother group. Then, we extract 781 people by using the stratified cluster random sampling. The sample extracting step of studying object is the following. First, we make the frame of gathering sample about middle & high school in each area. Then we allocate 20 areas by random sampling. Finally, we gather the sample of 800 youths in assigned 20 areas. The questionnaire used in this study is the questionnaire about life situation(translated by Yongrin Moon in Korean language) which is translated from "The morality according to participation of leisure sports is three kinds(Heins, Prisoner, Doctor) among 6 morally conflicted situation of Rest’s DIT." And the reliability of the questionnaire is .79. The question about social relationship, which is corrected and added by Heeyoung Jung(1994) from past questionnaire, is used to study the social relationship according to the participation of leisure sports. And the reliability coefficient of the question is .80(this value is commonly reliable). From the analysis of this study, the following conclusions were obtained; Firstly, the morality and social relationship according to the type of leisure sports participation have the difference partially. e.g. Between the participation type(or model), the participant of public event has more interesting to social problem, and has more positive friend relationship than the participant of personal event. Secondly, the leisure sports participation has an influence to the social relationship. e.g., the more participation time the more improvement of relative relationship, and the more participation time & frequency the more improvement friend relationship. Thirdly, the morality made by participation of leisure sports activity has an influence to the social relationship partially. e.g., the more interesting about the social problem of the morality the more friend relationship of the social relationship.

Key Words

정동군ChungTong-Kun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to present the material for the sports marketing field which clarifies the relationship between pro-sports spectators’ life styles and consumption motivation and consumer behavior. The subjects were chosen from each stadium of four teams which were in the play-off games in 1999. There were 646 men, 402 women used for the analysis. The total was 1048. The research of this study was conducted by questionnaires which were composed of life styles, environmental promotion factors, environmental restrictions, consumption motivation and consumer behavior. For life styles we used the questionnaire, which is reconstructed of only 9 factors, from the questionnaires reorganized by Sim Jae Seung(1998), and was developed by Plumber(1974). We used the questionnaire by Kenyon(1969) for consumption behaviors which is divided into the types of behavioristic, recognizable attendance contents. The statistical analysis techniques for the statistical analysis are Descriptive Analysis, One-way ANOVA, Multiple Regression Analysis, and Covariance Structure Analysis. The results of this study, which were attained through the process, are as follows. First, there were partly difference in environmental promotion factors, restriction factors, consumption motivation and consumer behavior according to pro-sports spectators’ social population statistical property. Second, the life styles of sports spectators partly affected the consumption motivation. Higher success policy, social activity policy, achievement policy, consumption motive policy, legitimism meant higher consumption motivation. the environmental promotion factors partly affected the consumption motivation. The higher the environmental promotion factors were, the lower the consumption motivation were. environmental restriction factors negatively affected the consumption motivation. The lower the environmental restriction factors were, the higher the consumption motivation were. Third, the consumption motivation of the pro-sports spectators negatively affected the consumer behavior. Fourth, the behavioristic attitudes of pro-sports spectators affected cognitive behaviors. Fifth, pro-sports spectators’ life styles and environmental promotion factors, restriction factors, consumption motivation and consumer behavior had a cause and effect relationship. Life styles and environmental promotion factors positively affected, and environmental restriction factors negatively affected consumption motivation.

Key Words

조근종ChoKeun-Jong

DOI:

Abstract

This study aims to examine the relationships between social activity participation and social support Activity of daily living among korean elderly, for using secondary analysis data from 1998 national survey on elderly welfare. This survey was conducted in 1998. Responses were obtained 2,535(social activity participants 1604, non participants)male and female over 65 years age elderly. Question were used to collect data for the five variables constructing the research problems. In order to analyze the data, this study used a Spss for Windows Version 7.5 program for statistical analysis, and was completed using, descriptive statistics, analysis of co-covariance, standard multiple regression analysis, etc. Based on the above research methods and procedures, this study produced the following results. Firstly, the elderly in of physical activity group revealed higher scores in social support, ADL than other activity group. Secondly, the types of social activity of Korean elderly participate significance influence social support, but not significance influence ADL. Thirdly, social support developed through social activity participate significance influenoe ADL among Korean elderly.

Key Words

조한범ChoHan-Beom , 김미향KimMee-Hyang , 김인재KimIn-Jae

DOI:

Abstract

The Purpose of the Study is to clarify the relationships between physical education achievement and of sex role identity according to the types of physical education. More specifically, the types of physical education are classified to female, male, and coed middle schools and the sex role identity are classified to androgyny, femininity, masculinity, and not classified in order to clarify the relationships with physical education achievement. The subjects of the study are selected from 6 schools in Seoul as 2 each of male, female and coed middle schools in August 1999 and the random cluster method is used. From the selected schools, 140 subjects from 4 classes of each school are selected then the subjects totaled 840. Among 840 subjects, 790 are actually used for the study thus, valid data is approximately 94%. The instrument to measure the types of sex role identity is KSRI(Korea Sex Role Inventory) by Jung, Jin-Kung(1990). As the result of the Cronbach’s α values which are for masculinity .72, for femininity .73 Through the evaluation of multiple-items scale, it is proved that KSRI is relatively reliable instrument and was adopted for the study. The questionnaire was completed by the method of self-adminstration. After the completion, the data are processed reliability analysis, crosstabs analysis and multiple regression analysis by using SPSS/PC version 8.0 for Windows. The significance of the study as follow, level is less than .05. Through the data analysis and procedures, the results. 1. In terms of socio-demographic characteristics, the sex role identity has significant effect to gender and physical education achievement. 2. In terms of the class types, the sex role identity does not have significant effect. 3. The masculinity of the sex role identity has a positive relationship with the physical education achievement.

Key Words

채재성ChaeJae-Sung , 김현석KimHyun-Suk

DOI:

Abstract

This study focuses on issues behind the development of Korean Sports Structure, and to find alternative measure for resolving such problems in 21 century. In other words, this study will present effective methods to move elite sports structure from schools and enterprises into club sports in community. we suggest the following strategy: First, improve the current operating environment of amature sport organizations, second, strengthen the organization`s functioning and role, third, enhance the organization`s management ability and speciality. In other to implement this primary strategy, we suggest the following steps be implemented. First, The independental operations of sport facilities must be secured. Second, the infrastructure of community sport must be improved. Third, reinforcement of sport club operating system. Also, we are to achieve tasks gradually as follow: First, a system of inducements must be in place to encourage the establishment of community sports club, second, sport clubs must be made secure and receive support, third, sport club operations and support must be enhanced. lastly, the sport club speciality should be enhanced.

Key Words

최미란ChoiMi-Ran , 한광령HanKwang-Leong

DOI:

Abstract

The propose of this study is to identify the relationship between adaptation behavior and deviant behavior that may be presented whether player has success experience. To do this, we first set the group of fencing player as a population and selected sample of 310 players using stratified cluster random sampling method. In case of adaptation behavior, we used the survey, which is based on Snydens data, Mertons theory, and expert advice. As a result, the alpha coefficient resulted in 0.74. On the other hand, in case of deviant behavior, we structured the survey based on the theory and studies of Coakley, Pearton, and Baron through expert meetings. Also, we segmented this behavior with two categories, which were force and cheating. Force is composed of hostile aggression and instrumental aggression. Cheating is composed of institutional cheating and deviant cheating. As a result, the alpha coefficient resulted in 0.91. In order to measure players success experience, within the third prize in national competition is used as a proxy variable. Self-administering method was employed to collect the data and statistical methods such as covariance analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression were employed. The result of this study is as follows. First, there is a statistical difference in conformity of adaptation behavior whether player has a success experience or not. Second, there is a statistical difference in instrumental aggression of deviant behavior whether player has a success experience or not. Third, conformity and retreatism in adaptation behavior have positive effects on hostile aggression, instrumental aggression, institutional cheating, and deviant cheating. Also, innovation in adaptation behavior has negative effect on instrumental aggression and ritualism has positive effect on hostile aggression, instrumental aggression, and institutional cheating.

Key Words

최인범ChoiIn-Beom , 이명진LeeMyoung-Jin

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of organizational culture on the women employee’s organizational satisfaction in the commercial sport centers. In order to achieve the purposes, the data were collected from the 371 male/female employees who worked at the commercial sport centers located in Seoul City. The samples were selected by the systematic culster random sampling method. The statistical methods used for the analysis of this study were t-test and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study were as follows: First, there were statistically significant differences in the socio-demographic characteristics, organizational cultures, and organizational satisfaction in accordance with the sex division. That is, male employees were higher than females in the the socio-demographic variables, and males were higher than females in the perception of human cluture variable, and finally males were higher than females in the perception of job satisfaction variable. Second, the role culture variable was the most influencing variable on the job satisfaction of the women employees. Third, the human culture variable was the most influencing variable on the turnover of the women employees.

Key Words

김귀봉KimGui-Bong , 김영수KimYoung-Soo , 강성구KangSung-Goo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze a relationship between physical activity and cognitive functioning in elderly. The subjects were selected from the areas of Seoul and Kyunggi in the stratified cluster random sampling. The number of original samples was a total of 667 elderly people, among them 55 were discarded and then the data obtained from 612 samples were finally used in this study. The instruments used in the study were both questionnaire and experiment. For cognitive functioning, the standardized K-WAIS, originally developed by Wechsler(1981), was adopted. The study measured digit span, digit symbol and object assembly related to subjects cognitive functioning rather than the whole dimensions of intelligence. In addition, capacity of information process was measured by reaction time (simple and selected reaction time). The used statistical methods for the data analysis were analysis of covariance, multiple classification analysis, regression analysis. Through such data analyzes, this study obtained the results as follows : First, there were the meaningful gaps in memory and capacity of information process, but no difference in deduction and problem solving according to a participation of physical activity. Second, the period of physical activity had the significant linear relation with memory, deduction, problem solving and capacity of information process.

Key Words

김창호KimChang-Ho

DOI:

Abstract

This study is by arranging and analysising a main reason of a safeguard stress along with an individual characteristic, the purpose is to present a whole device for preventing an excessive safeguard stress, as a result of after that, are following. It shows a human relationship and a communication are a main source to bring out safeguard stress to younger safeguards, and a role complication and a management style are a main source to bring out a safeguard stress to older safeguards. It shows a role obscurity and a communication are a main source to bring out a safeguard stress to low educated safeguards, and a management and a role complication are a main source to bring out a safeguard stress to high educated safeguards. It shows a pay is a main source to bring out a safeguard stress to a safeguard of a business·marketing department, a management style is a main source to bring out safeguard stress to safeguards of production·engineering department and a management style and a serve of colleagues are a main source safeguard stress to safeguards of study·evolution department. In relation to a comprehension, a safeguard stress and a satisfaction of safeguard about a safeguard stress, it was disclosed that a scholarship level and a control position possess for an adjustment cause in an individual characteristic. As this result, to reduce a safeguard stress of younger safeguard, must make surrounding in taking an opportunity of interview contact which can do smoothly a human relationship as much as possible, so think that trouble of communication can get rid of it. Also the case of an older safeguard, mast reduce a role complication by too much roles or a role friction, and a management style must also changes not indicational type but a participational or democratic type.

Key Words

박상범ParkSang-Bum , 이성일LeeSung-ll , 홍성희HongSung-Hee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate difference in the visual information processing of a stimulus moving at various velocities by analyzing the effect of the amount of visual information about the stimulus on the accuracy of response timing. Ten subjects performed timing task requiring a button-press in coincident with the arrival of stimulus light at the target location. During the task, the amount of visual information on the trajectory of stimulus moving at three velocities(4.08m/s, 5.95m/s, and 9.17m/s) was manipulated by presenting stimulus information during either 1/3(1m), 2/3(2m), or full range of its movement. For each stimulus velocity-information range condition, constant and absolute error were calculated as timing accuracy. Results of two-way ANOVAs revealed that the timing accuracy differed by stimulus velocity and information range. While the constant error was shown to be higher at the 2m-range condition than 1m-range in the medium velocity condition, it was found to be lower when the information range was 3m compared to the information range of 1m in both low and high velocity conditions. However, the absolute error was shown to be lower in the 3m-range condition than 1m- and 2m-range conditions regardless of stimulus velocity. These results suggest that the effect of the amount of visual information on the timing accuracy is determined by both the stimulus duration and the time allowed for processing visual information.

Key Words

이한우LeeHan-Woo , 김상규KimSang-Gyu , 육동원YookDong-Won , 유병인YooByung-ln , 박윤식ParkYoon-Shick

DOI:

Abstract

The summary length varies concomitantly with the frequency of knowledge of results(KR) presentation in the experiment of Schmidt, Young, Swinnen, and Shapiro (1989). The present study was to examine optimal summary KR with the effects of interaction of complexity of task and summary length of KR. The eighty subjects were divided into Experiment 1(simple task: 3m) and Experiment 2(complex task: 5m+changed pitting lie), each forty. The forty subjects were randomly assigned to the four different summary length conditions(1, 5, 10, 15), 10 subjects per condition in each experiment. The subjects were required to perform a modified golf putting skill in 6 blocks of 15 trials, and then performed in 10 minutes and 1 day delayed no-vision retention tests with 2 blocks each. The experiment 1 and 2 were carried out under 4(condition) ×6(block) factorial design with repeated measures on last factor at acquisition test, and 4(condition) ×2(block) factorial design with repeated measures on last factor at retention test. The results revealed that summary 10 condition in which provided summary KR after 10th trial showed the most performance of golf putting task in both absolute and variable errors in the simple task. Therefore, the results suggest that optimal summary level is 10 in the simple task. On the other hand, summary 5 condition in which provided summary KR after 5th trial showed best performance of golf task in both absolute and variable errors in the complex task. Therefore, the results suggest that optimal summary level is 5 in the complex task. These findings support that as the task increases in complexity, the learner needs more feedback guidance to achieve the proper actions, so fewer trials should be summarized (Schmidt, 1991).

Key Words

전선혜JunSun-Hye

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of cognitive/behavior modification program for obesity. Subjects for this study were 7 housewives and investigation periods were 8 weeks. Before the study begin, subjects mere measured their body weight, BMI, obesity rate, life habit investment, and A-type investment. Their average age was 36.6 years. Average body weight and obesity rate were 69.9Kg and 35.5%, respectively. The study consist of phases: named pre, mid, post assessment. First part of study includes counseling and education. The purpose of counseling is to assist subjects to recognize their social and family problems and understand how these problems can affect their body, self-esteem, and motivation to be healthy. Cogintive/behavioral program developed 5 stages - prepare stage(interview), problem behavior specification(self-mornitoring) stage, goal setting(stimulus control) stage, problem solving(self-reinforcement) stage, self-evaluation(modification of results) stage. Educational programs are informative and try to help them to familiar with foods, fat contents, calories, exercise program, balanced diet, and etc. All subjects were instructed to fill out a questionnaire contains a list of questions to rate their behavior, habits, and self-conception. Mid and post assessments are reinforcement stages and assist them to cope their stresses and depressions effectively. The goals of these stages are to motivate subjects to maintain their dietry and exercise programs. The results of this study are as follow. Obesity rate was reduced by 13.5%(p<.001) and BMI was reduced by 6.0(p<.05). These changes are significant changes in statistically. Also average body weight was reduced by 5.4Kg. Life habit and A-type personality showed positive changes, p<.001 and p<.05 respectively, and both are significant changes in statistically. In conclusion, It was evidenced by findings that the counseling with cognitive/behavior modification program affects body weight loss. Due to the time limits on this study, it is unable to determine how long the increased motivations will last and what will cause to diminish these motivations. However, these topics can be interesting to be included in future studies.

Key Words

정구인JungKoo-ln

DOI:

Abstract

Movement amplitude and movement time have a close relationship with successful performance in a accuracy required task, this study examined the movement variability by measuring the error of movement amplitude, movement time, and impulse in a diverse movement space and time. The subjects were 6 right handed adults, the task was to flex the forearm in the horizontal plane. The equipment was horizontal angular displacement arm bar. The experimental design was 2 factor repeated measure of movement amplitude and movement time. The independent variables were movement amplitude(6 level) and movement time(2 level), and the dependent variables were force variability, impulse variability, spatial variability, and temporal variability. The result showed that force variability and impulse variability were affected by impulse size and the rate of force production. Force variability and impulse variability had a similar increasing trend as the level of each variable increased. Also, the spatial variability increased as the movement amplitude increased. The temporal variability decreased as the movement speed increased.

Key Words

조현영ChoHyun-Young , 김귀봉KimGui-Bong

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of four factors (increased noise-to-force ratio, less efficient perceptual feedback, strategy differences, ability to produce force) as explanations for movement slowing with age. Subjects ware 22 right-hand dominant younger adults and older adults. The older subjects was the ages of 65-75 (mean ague of 71.23), younger adults was the ages of 20-30 (mean age of 25.76). The results of experiment were as follows; First, for younger adults, the best fitting equation had an intercept of .0081 and a slope of -3.194, with an R²=.77174, for older adults, the bed fitting equation had an intercept of .0088 and a slope of .436, with an R².7282. This result clearly shows that the older subjects differ from the adults. Two, older subjects spent more time in verification duration of movement than did the adults. Three, there was a significant effect of penalty condition. That is, accuracy increased as penalty condition increased far the younger adults, but not the older subjects. Four, the younger adults used more force than did the older adults. But the older subjects in no-accuracy constraints task is equal to that produced by the younger adults in accuracy constraints task. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that four factors(increased noise-to-force ratio, less efficient perceptual feedback, strategy differences, ability to produce force) can play a role as explanations for movement slowing with age.

Key Words

최영옥ChoiYoung-Ok , 김윤태KimYun-Tae , 원주연WonJoo-Yean

DOI:

Abstract

This study was intended to identify both the effect that competitive orientation(task orientation, and ego orientation), the factors of personality traits having a crucial influence on performance, had on competitive anxiety(cognitive state anxiety, somatic state anxiety, and state self-confidence), self-efficacy and bowling performance outcome on the real sports and the causal relationship between those factors through path analysis and to develop the model for each of male and female bowling athletes. The subjects firm this study totalled 215 high school students made up of male bowling athletes(n=105) and female bowling athletes(n=110) attending high schools with the bowling career of more than two years. As a consequence, the following conclusion was drawn : 1. The Group of Male First, the result of the first analysis showed that ego orientation had a positive effect on state self-confidence had a positive effect on self-efficacy. Second, the result of the 2nd analysis showed that state self-confidence had a positive effect on self-efficacy. Third, the result of the 3rd analysis revealed that cognitive state anxiety had a negative effect on performance outcome while self-efficacy exerted a positive effect on bowling performance outcome. 2. The Group of Female First, the result of the 1st analysis showed that task orientation was the factor having a positive effect on self-efficacy and ego orientation had a positive effect on state self-confidence. Second, the result of the 2nd analysis revealed that cognitive state anxiety was the factor that had a negative effect on self-efficacy, whereas state self-confidence had a positive effect on self-efficacy. Third, the result of the 3rd analysis revealed that self-efficacy had a positive effect on bowling performance outcome.

Key Words

최재원ChoiJae-Won , 강성구KangSung-Goo , 김영수KimYoung-Soo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to identify the psychological and physiological benefit of the adolescents through a consecutive aerobic exercise and to examine a relation between psychological variables and physiological variables. 97 obese adolescents, in a initial stage, were selected through the lst pre-test for the degree of obesity and then, in consideration of voluntary participation, disease and participation in physical activity 32 were selected in a final stage. A total of 32 adolescents were randomly assigned in the exercise group(16) and the control group(16). Subjects selected in this study participated in swimming in VO₂max 50-60%, 50-60min./per session and 3 times/week for 8 weeks. As the dependent variables, psychological variables(e.g. physical self perception and self-esteem and physiological variables(e.g. weight, body fat, VO₂max) were measured at the baseline, 4wks, 8wks. Research design applied 2(exercise group and control group)x3(pre-session, middle-session and post-session)2x3 factorial design with repeated-measures on the second factor. On a basis of the measured data, means and SDs in the groups and measuring points were produced and two-way ANOVA by repeated measure was conducted to test mean differences between two groups and between the measuring points. In addition, to identify the relationships between psychological variables and physiological variables according to the measuring points, correlation analysis was conducted. The results obtained from these procedure indicated that the consecutive aerobic exercise positively impacted on physiological variables such as weight, body fat and VO₂max and on psychological variables such as physical self perception and self-esteem. Results also argued that there was, in part, correlated between psychological variables and physiological variables according to the measuring points.

Key Words

곽이섭KwakYi-Sub

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of the present experiment is to study the effects of swimming training an Thymus and Spleen weight changes and immune response in RICO rats. Twenty five male RICO rats served as subjects in the experiments(six weeks old). they were divided into five groups: five control resting(CR), five control exercise(CE), five control aged(CA), and five trained resting(TR), and five training aged exercise(TAE). TR and TAE groups of the present study participated in a regular training program five times per week for ten weeks, whereas CR, CE, and CA groups did not participate in the training program. Blood, thymus, and spleen sampling were taken in the laboratory in the Department of Animal Medicine at the Yonsei Medical Research Center, and were analyzed for Thymus and Spleen weight changes, and immune cell changes(CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8, and CD56). The average thymus weight of the TR group was greater than that of the CR group. However, there were no significant differences among the three groups(p>0.05). The immune cell levels among the five groups were significantly different(p<0.01): CD4 lymphocytes and CD4/CD7 lymphocytes decreased, whereas the CD56 level increased slightly by aging. By regular exercise training, CD4 T lymphocytes, CD4/CD8 T lymphocytes, and CD56 levels were similar between the CR and TR groups. But after highly intensive exercise there was a significant difference between the CE and TAE groups(p<0.01). The CD56 level was greatly decreased in the CE group, whereas the CD56 level was increased in the TAE group. Therefore, we can trace the effects as direct results of the aerobic training. In this study, we can conclude that regular exercise training improves lymphocyte proliferation by conserving the thymus: in TR groups compared to CA. However, many factors other than aerobic training affect immune cell proliferation. Additional factors such as nutrition during recovery time, age, or disease must be considered in order to present a more complete assessment of the factors contributing to these cells` proliferation.

Key Words

김기진KimKi-Jin , 이선장LeeSun-Jang , 장인현ChangIn-Hyun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the changes of exercise-induced fatigue variables after rapid weight loss through dehydration and starvation, and the effects of diet composition in total food restriction on the these changes. Subjects were consisted of three groups with college-aged male taekwondo players, as control group and two rapid weight loss groups with total food restriction and dehydration. Rapid weight loss groups were divided to higher carbohydrate diet(70%) and higher protein diet(40%). Rapid weight loss groups showed a significant decrease of body weight and fat after three days of total food restriction and dehydration. Control group and higher carbohydrate diet group showed a significant decrease of leg muscular strength after rapid weight loss, but higher protein diet group showed no significant changes of back and leg muscular strength after rapid weight loss. Higher protein diet group showed a significant increase of heart rate and blood lactate concentration during exercise with the same exercise intensity after rapid weight loss. Rapid weight loss could be arise to the increase of hematocrit values and the decrease of blood ammonia concentration, but diet composition showed no significant effects of these changes. These results could be suggested the rapid weight loss through dehydration and starvation arise to the depression of muscular strength and cardiopulmonary function, and total food restriction with higher carbohydrate diet and higher protein diet could be inhibited the depression of muscular strength and cardiopulmonary function, respectively.

Key Words

rapid weight loss, diet composition, lactate, ammonia, muscular strength

김명기KimMyong-Gi , 김창국KimChang-Kook , 차기철ChaKi-Chil

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to test the reliability of SBIA which was supped to be able to validate to measure the body composition of adult man and women in Korea, and to develope the estimated equation of fat free mass. For the purpose of study, 98 adults(male: 51, female: 47) were measured. The reference method was used underwater weighing. The result follows as: First, The value of FFM obtained underwater weight(Dens-FFM) showed the highest correlation with the Ht²/R_RL, Ht²/R_RA, Ht²/Rt measured by SBIA. Second, The correlation coefficient between SBIA-FFM and Dens-FFM was showed very high, and when the weight variable was included the correlation coefficient was increased, and SEE was decreased significantly. Third, adult`s estimated equation developed by using SBIA and weight followed as As Dens-FFM was set up as a dependent variable, the equation showed FEM(_SBIA)=-5.048167Ht²/R_RA+0.126703Ht²/R_T+0.061385Ht²/R_RL+0.360319Wt+0.253447.

Key Words

김영표KimYoung-Pyo , 김은경KimEun-Kyung

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of swimming training on plasma responses of adrenocorticotropin(ACTH), cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. The subjects for this study were ten healthy male university students who participated in this experiment voluntarily and didn`t have any disease. Swimming training performed for 12 weeks, four times a week at target heart rate with the intensity of 60-80% HRmax. The maximal treadmill exercise tests were administered pre-training, after 8, and 12 weeks of training. Blood samples were obtained(pre-training, after 8, and 12 weeks) before, immediately after, and 30 min flowing the maximal exercise tests. For the ACTH cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, pre, mid and post-test were conducted before the training at the 8 weeks of training and after training(12 weeks), respectively. The results of this study were as follows: Resting significantly were increased ACTH(12 weeks), cortisol(8, 12 weeks) post-training, and ACTH were decreased significantly immediately after and 30 min maximal exercise, cortisol were increased immediately after maximal exercise post-training(8weeks, 12 weeks), respectively. All hormone responses significantly increased immediately after maximal exercise tests and were decreased significantly 30 min poet exercise. The results indicate that stressful stimulus produced by increased in swimming training period may induce changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis(HPAaxis) hormone responses during maximal exercise and training.

Key Words

김재호KimJae-Ho , 김상두KimSang-Du , 김창균KimChang-Gyun , 박상용ParkSang-Yong

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the changing of Somatotypes, Physical fitness of Body Bilders divided each level career, this is, beginner 1∼9months(n=12), mediator 9-12months(n=13), and competitor over 12months(n=12) measured with the Heath-Carter anthropometric method and physical fitness(muscular strength, endurance, power, flexibility & cardiovascular effecting test). It is for data to be analysed one-way ANOVA with Post hoc by LSD. The result of the date analysis were as follows; 1. The somatotypes It was showed mesomorphic endomorph type(endo-5.40 ±1.61, meso-4.84 ±1.36, ecto-2.50 ±.86 in beginner, showed endomorphic mesomorph type(endo-4.29 ±.90, meso-5.59 ±.99, ecto-2.36 ±.91) in mediator and showed balanced mesomorph type(endo-2.20 ±.45, meso-7.59 ±1.10, ecto-1.60 ±.25) in competitor. 2. The difference of physical fitness 1) Muscular strength: It was a significant difference between beginner and competitor(p<.0l), mediator and competitor(p<.01) in right & left hand grip and sit-up. 2) Muscular endurance: It was a significant difference between beginner and competitor(p<.0l), mediator and competitor(p<.01). 3) Power: It was a significant difference between beginner and competitor(p<.01), mediator and competitor(p<.01). 4) Flexibility: It was a significant difference between beginner and competitor(p<.01), mediator and competitor(p<.05). 5) Cardiovascular effecting test: It was a significant difference between beginner and mediator(p<.05), competitor(p<.05).

Key Words

김태왕KimTae-Wang , 양점홍YangJum-Hong , 정선태JeongSun-Tae

DOI:

Abstract

The main purpose of this dissertation is to discuss and analyze the effect of aerobic dance on health-related fitness and blood constituents in the elderly women(aerobic dance group; 7, control group; 5) over 65. Aerobic dance was performed three times per week for ten weeks with RPE 11∼13 intensity corresponding to 65∼80% HRmax. The following conclusion can be obtained by analyzing and comparing the change of health-related fitness components and blood constituents to the women health over 65 years. The investigations carried before and after their taking the aerobic dance mentioned above are as follows: 1. Health-Related Fitness Health-related fitness components was significantly improved more than that of the before test. One of this, body composition(LBM) and muscular strength/muscular endurance(grip strength) were not significantly improved. 2. Blood Constituents The result of this, hemoglobin was significantly improved more than that of the before test, but TC, TG, HDL-C were not significantly improved. In conclusion, the result of this study is supported the applicability, and trainability for aerobic dance program to the elderly. As shown the above, the regular aerobic dance program is able to help in the elderly`s fitness.

Key Words

김현수KimHyun-Soo

DOI:

Abstract

To study the effects of low weight resistance training an the cardio-respiratory and daily living functional fitness in older people(67-75 years), we enrolled 4 men and 11 women into dumbbell(l㎏) calisthenic exercise program. Prior to and following the exercise program, subjects underwent comprehensive physiological and functional fitness evaluations. Physiological assessment included measurements of forced vital capacity, blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen consumption both at rest and during graded exercise txst. Fat-free mass and total and percentage body fat were determined by total-body and segmental impedance measures. The functional fitness tests included flexibility of the shoulder joint by scratch test, flexibility of the hip and spine by a sit-and-reach test, balance, grip strength, physical agility(timed up and go), upper and lower body strength/endurance(grip strength, bicep curl, chair stand), and endurance. The dumbbell calisthenic exercise program consisted of three 1-hour sessions per week for 12 weeks. Each sessions included 13 upper body and arm exercise, and 3 leg exercise. After exercise Program, systolic(p<.05) and diastolic(p<.001) blood pressure were decreased significantly. And functional fitness increased significantly(8.0-19.7%, p<.001). Percentage body fat was decreased by 5.6%(p<.01) and the change rate of fat-free mass was little but significant(p<.05). Peak oxygen uptake also increased significantly(7.7%, p<.05). These results suggest that although relative light intensity weight training is mainly used with upper extremity, a field-based resistance training program of dumbbell is an effective and acceptable method to improve daily living functional capacity including blood pressure and body composition.

Key Words

older adults, 1-kg dumbbell, lower weight resistance training, aerobic capacity, daily living functional capacity.

노호성NhoHo-Sung , 최성근ChoiSung-Keun

DOI:

Abstract

The intended physical activity, trouble, suppression effect, and mechanism have bees fully described with regard to hypertension and exercise therapy. Objects of hypertensive therapy are suppression, prevention against complications, improvement in quality of life. A wide range of researches on excercise therapy including pharmaceutical therapy have been reported to the betterment of hypertension. Above all, compliance is very important to exercise therapy due to the fact that hypertension could be remedied by long-term therapy. It is necessary for each individuals to be adjusted by the ways to exercise, instruction, and prescription for their physiological traits. It is required for the prevention of hypertension that individuals should measure their blood pressure and know their physical fitness on a regular basis.

Key Words

박준기ParkJoon-Ki , 오봉석OhBong-Seock

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate Responses of serum Vitamin E and immune substances of elite middle·long distance runners to the change of MDA and to acute exhaustive exercise. The subjects of this study were woman high school’s middle·long distance runners(n=12). To achieve the purpose of this study analyzed MDA(malondialdehyde), serum Vitamin E, IL-1(interleukin 1), and IL-2(interleukin-2) at rest, all-out, recovery 30 minutes and recovery 60 minutes. The results were as follows. First, The increase of MDA by an acute exhaustive exercise was significant at all-out, but the elevation was returned to the rest level after recovery 30 minutes and continued after that time. Second, the response of serum Vitamin E status to the change of MDA was similar to the kind of MDA change. Third, in spite of significant increase of MDA by an acute exhaustive exercise there was no any significant change in the immune substances. From these results I discovered the fact that elite middle·long distance runners can be hurt by an acute exhaustive endurance exercise and that cell membrane damage resulted in increasing serum Vitamin E level. The elevated serum Vitamin E seems to be contributed to prohibit cell membrane from hurting by free radical during oxidative stress. So I think, this kind of elevation response of serum Vitamin E to oxidative stress can explain the reason that in spite of an acute exhaustive endurance exercise immune response substance did not to be changed significantly. This also suggests that it is necessary for middle·long distance runner to be supplemented antioxidants such as Vitamin E.

Key Words

송영주SongYoung-Ju , 황성구HwangSung-Gu , 이광호LeeKwang-Ho

DOI:

Abstract

The Purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of swimming training on insulin sensitivity and genetic hypertension using stroke-done hypertensive rats(SHRSP). To examine the relationship between genetic hypertension and insulin resistance, we used normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats(WKY) as a control. The exercise group of both strain swam in water at 35℃ for 1-hour bout/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks. Obtained results were as follows: 1. The systolic blood pressure of SHRSP was significantly lower by 4-week swimming training than that of sedentary SHRSP group(p<0.05). 2. In SHRSP, the swimming training also resulted in an significantly increase in the insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity (p<0.05) of soleus muscle strips and an approximately 3-fold increase in the plasma membrane GLUT4 protein expression(p<0.01). 3. However, there was no difference in insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of SHRSP as compared with normotensive WKY. In conclusion, our present findings suggest that an optimal exercise load is effective both to prevent essential hypertension and to increase insulin sensitivity in SHRSP. Our results support the effectiveness of swimming exercise therapy for hypertensive patients with insulin resistance.

Key Words

Shin Goon-soo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of swimming on response of serum lipids of cholesterol diet rats. Twenty-five male SD rats(6 week old) were randomly divided into control group and 4 swimming groups after hyperlipidemia induction for 4 weeks 1% cholesterol diet, and then swimming groups were divided into 30 min. unloaded swimming group, 30 min. loaded swimming group, 60 min. unloaded swimming group and 60 min. loaded swimming group by swimming duration and intensity. The swimming period of swimming groups were 6 weeks(7 day/wk). The loaded swimming group rats among swimming groups swam a lead weight equivalent to 5% of body weight attached to the base of the tail. Analytical items were total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C, TC/HDL-C. The conclusions obtained from this study were as follows; 1. In TC, S3 was significantly lower than CG, S1 and S2(P<.001), and in TG, S3 and S4 were significantly lower than CG, S1 and S2(P<.001). 2. In PL, all swimming groups were significantly lower than control group(P<.01), and in HDL-C, S2 and S3 were significantly higher than CG, S1 and S4(P<.01). 3. In LDL-C, S3 was significantly lower than CG, S1 and S2(P<.001), and in VLDL-C, S3 and S4 were significantly lower than CG, S1 and S2(P<.001). In TC/HDL-C, S2, S3 and S4 were significantly lower than CG and S1(P<.001).

Key Words

오봉석OhBong-Seock

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of antioxidant supplement on record of middle·long distance runners. The subjects of this study were woman high school’s middle·long distance runners(n=12). Subjects was divided into two groups. One group(n=6) was supplied antioxidants, but the other group(n=6) was not supplied any antioxidants. Antioxidants wire vitamine E(671.14㎎/day) and P of S corporation(136㎎/3times/day). Duration of antioxidant supplement was 12weeks. The record of 600m and 1200m were measured prior to antioxidant supplement for 12 weeks and after group division and during antioxidant supplement for 12 weeks. The results vwsre as follows. First, The 600m record of antioxidant supplement group was significantly shorten(p<.01), but the other group’s record was not shorten significantly. Second, The 1200m record of antioxidant supplement group was significantly shorten(p<.01), but the other group’s 1200m record was not shorten significantly. From these results I discovered the fact that antioxidant supplement to elite middle·long distance runners improve their endurance endurance capacity and go smoothly their energy generation by preserving their mitochondria function. Therefore, I thinks it is necessary for athletes under severe oxidative stress during exercise to be supplied vitamins, abundant antioxidant food such as fruit, vegetable.

Key Words

위승두WeeSeung-Doo , 박호윤ParkHo-Yoon , 이재현LeeJae-Hyun

DOI:

Abstract

Human body is multisegmental system consisting of a large number of skeletal levers. These systems make up the human kinetic chain. Related to this, closed kinetic contraction(CKC) exercise has been more commonly emphasized for therapeutic exercise because it has been known that CKC is safer and more functional. But the conceptual difference between CKC and OKC is obscure in the actual appliance. For this reason, we investigated EMG(Triceps brachii: TB, Biceps brachii: BB, Pectoralis major: PM, Latismus dorsi: LD), lactate, HR, BP responses during push up and bench press. The subjects were 7 basketball players of J university, who had no upper extremity injury. The results are following; 1) MF showed high values at BB and TB and in case of LD, there was difference between groups, indicating 36.00 ±2.16/44.57 ±8.79, each of push-up and bench press. It was significant difference statistically. 2) AEMG showed higher values at TB more than others, indicating 539.71 ±215.88/418.29 ±147.32 each of push-up and bench press. There was significant difference between groups at PM and LD(p<0.05). 3) %Work showed relative high value of 58.71 ±15.78%/40.14 ±12.50%, each of push-up and bench press at TB. There was significant difference between groups at TB and PM(p<0.05). That is, in the case of bench press, TB and PM were used with closely similar level but, TB was used more dominantly in push up. 4) HR had arrived at steady state at 15th second and maintained after that in push up. But, in bench press, there was consistent increase for early 30 seconds. Peak HR were 118.57 ±24.34 and 110.71 ±31.55, each of push up and bench press but it’s not much different. 5) Peak blood lactate concentration were 4.97 ±0.73 and 5.59 ±0.69 mmol, each of push up and bench press but it’s not significant difference. 6) Systolic blood pressure was 139.17 ±9.43/134.33 ±18.26, each of push up and bench press, but it’s not significant statistically. The results suggest that push up, typical CKC exercise, and bench press bearing weight with end segment free make some different pattern of muscle recruitment. The difference between CKC and OKC should be considered by not only their basic property but specific movement pattern.

Key Words

윤공화YoonGong-Hwa , 허만동HuhMan-Dong

DOI:

Abstract

Research Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of isokinetic exercise on rehabilitation of muscle strength after knee surgery. Subjects and methods: The 13 professional soccer players who had knee operation were involved in this study. To regain the muscle strength and power of injured leg compared to those of uninjured leg, they received isokinetic training(25-30min/3days/8weeks) on Cybex 340 with gradually overload principle. Prior to, 4 weeks and 8 weeks after isokinetic training, muscle strength and power were determined at 60˚/sec, 180˚/sec, and 240˚/sec of Cyber 340, respectively. Results: 1. At the velocity of 60˚/sec, the peak torque of flexion was significantly increased at injured leg after the 4 week training(p<.05). 2. At the velocity of 60˚/sec, the peak torque of extension was significantly increased at injured leg after the 8 week training(p<.05). 3. At the velocity of 180˚/sec, the peak torque of flexion was significantly increased at injured leg after the 4 week training(p< .05). 4. At the velocity of 240˚/sec, the peak torque of extension and flexion was not significantly increased at both injured leg and uninjured leg after the 8 week training(p >.05). 5. At the velocity of 60˚/sec, 180˚/sec and 240˚/sec the peak torque in leg extension of muscular ratio between injured leg and uninjured leg was not significantly different(p>.05) after 8 week training. 6. At the velocity of 60˚/sec, 180˚/sec, and 240˚/sec, the peak torque in leg extension of muscular deficit ratio between injured leg and uninjured leg was not significantly different(p>.05). Thus, it was not fully recovered at the velocity of 60˚/sec, 180˚/sec and 240˚/sec from 16.615 ±4.666%, 13.077 ±8.885%, 14.184 ±14.184%, in leg extension deficit ratio. Conclusions: Although the 8 week training for rehabilitation on Cybex 340 significantly improved the muscle strength, and power the specifically knee extension was not fully recovered. Therefore, we suggest that the rehabilitation training by using Cybex 340 is effectable far the knee sugery leg.

Key Words

이규성LeeKyu-Sung , 김문희KimMoon-Hui , 한종우HanJong-Woo , 이희연LeeHui-Yeon , 임용택RhimYong-Taek

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate ratings of perceived exertion and physiological responses during resistance exercise of relative intensities to one repetition maximum in healthy late 20’ males. All subjects were familiar with lifting procedures and were currently involved in weight training program on a recreational basis. Nine men completed four trials. The four trials were 50, 60, 70 and 80% of one repetition maximum(1-RM). Blood lactate concentrations were measured immediately after each exercise. Heart rate and blood pressure were also recorded at these same time periods. Ratings of perceived exertion were obtained immediately after each exercise using the Borg 10-point category-ratio scale. The increase of exercise intensity to the percent of 1-RM corresponded with a significant increase in blood lactate, ratings of perceived exertion and heart rate(P<.05) but not systolic or diastolic blood pressure. It appeared that the perception of effort and heart rate increases along with increases in %RM lifted. The accumulation of blood lactate and increases of heart rate may mediate this. These results support the use of the Borg scale for monitoring resistance exercise intensity.

Key Words

이수성LeeSoo-Sung , 김유영KimYoo-Young , 박언휘ParkEon-Hwui , 류호상YooHo-Sang , 임영조LimYoung-Jo , 변재철ByunJae-Chul , 박승한ParkSung-Han

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of menstruation on isokinetic trunk extension/flexion(TEF) strength and psychological states in female judo athletes(N=12). TEF muscle strength was measured by cybex NORM 770 during pre menses and menses. Psychological states was measured at the same time by using the profile of mood states. There was a significant difference between pre-menses and during menses on trunk strength(p<.05). In psychological test, vigor and fatigue were negatively changed during menstruation(p<.05). It was concluded that menstruation has detrimental effects on trunk muscle strength and mood states. Negative psychological effect may contribute to decrease trunk strength of judo athletes. Other physiological variables such as hormone, electrical imbalance and lactate accumulation need to be investigated to explain the relationship between menstruation and athletic performance.

Key Words

TEF muscle strength, Menstruation, Menses and Moods state

정성환JungSung-Hoan , 옥정석OakJung-Sok , 강찬금KangChai-Keum

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anaerobic threshold and investigate the effects of physical activity on the anaerobic threshold of adult women with aging. Two hundreds subject were participated in this study upon giving their informed consent. Each age group(20∼60yr.) was divided into regular exercise(n=20) and control(n=20) groups. Exercise group participated in sport activity, 3 times a week over 3 years whereas control group did not doing any physical activity past 3 years. Subjects were performed exercise stress test using Bruce protocol and assessed for VO₂max, VCO₂, VE, RER, AT. Two-way ANOVA comparisons were used to assess the effects of aging and exercise on aerobic variables and Duncan post-hoc test were employed. The primary findings of this study was that VO₂max were significantly decreased with aging(p<.01). In addition anaerobic threshold were significantly higher in exercise group compared to control group with aging. Therefore, regular physical activity deter people from decreased aerobic ability with aging and higher impact on young generation.

Key Words

최대원ChoiDae-Won , 정성환JungSung-Hoan

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to observe the possible change of body weight, serum LDH activity, serum LDH isozyme distribution, and serum CPK activity of rats according to prolonged endurance training and muscular endurance training. 36 Sprague- Dawley rats were assinged to control. : 12 rats were by endurance training and 12 rats by muscular endurance training for 12 weeks, and 12 rats are not exercised(non-exercise group). After 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks training period, rats were biochemically analyzed by the change of body weight, serum LDH activity, serum LDH isozyme distribution and serum CPK activity. The analysis of data and findings are summerized as follows. 1. The endurance training group revealed significant decrease and non-exercise group revealed significant increase in the change of body weight according to training period. And significant differences among three groups were found after 4 week, 8 week, and 12 weeks. 2. Three groups revealed no significant increase in serum LDH activity during the change of training period. 3. The change according to training period in serum LDH₁₊₂ isozyme distribution revealed two important effects significantly among all groups, such as prescription effect and period effect. The differences among groups revealed significant increase after 8 weeks and 12 weeks. 4. The change according to training period in serum LDH₃₊₄₊₅ isozyme distribution revealed two important effects significantly among all groups, such as prescription effect and period effect. The difference among groups revealed significant decrease after 8 weeks and 12 weeks. 5. The change according to training period in serum CPK activity revealed two important effects significantly among all groups, such as prescription effect and period effect. The differences among groups revealed significant increase after 8 weeks and 12 weeks. These findings suggest that prolonged training program on rats effluxs enzyme mainly in skeletal muscle. And skeletal muscles mainly contribute increasing the level of serum total enzyme activity, because skeletal muscle is much sensitive in physiological stress than heart muscle. Therefore, the findings of this study imply that sewn LDH₁₊₂ isozyme and serum CPK activity as a reliable criteria which determines the effects of training are used basic data for the improvement of athletic contests.

Key Words

한영환HanYoung-Hwan , 양점홍YangJum-Hong

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was analysis the effects of w-up with tube resistance training RPE 13∼15(15min/day, 2days/week, 12weeks) on the physical fitness and body composition in the high school student. The subject was 60 male students(experimental group 30; control group 30) at the K high school in Pusan city. The result of this study are as follows; 1. Physical fitness She experimental group was improved significantly on the 50m dash, push-ups, standing long jump, sit-ups(p<.001) and sit-and-reach test(p<.01), and control group was improved significantly on sit-ups(p<.01). On the other hand, 1,600m running/walking was improved somewhat in the each groups respectively, but there is no significant. 2. Body composition The experimental and control group was improved significantly(p<.001) on the %fat, and LBM was showed improved significantly(p<.001) in the experimental group. As shown the above, tube resistance training is useful method as the teaching model for warm-up in the high school class.

Key Words

곽창수KwakChang-Soo , 진성태JinSung-Tae

DOI:

Abstract

Several experimental methods have been employed to analyze the rearfoot movement during distance running. Recently many problems have been raised about methodological appropriatenesses. The purpose of this study were to analyze experimental methods being used in rearfoot motion analysis and find out the difference among several methods, and the most suitable methods. The contents of this study were to compare the accuracy of 2D v.s 3D, frame rate, control object size, video recording and film technique, and positions of landmarks. Ten H-university students were employed as subjects and DLT method used for rearfoot motion analysis. The experimental equipments employed for this study were two normal video cameras(60㎐), two high speed video cameras(180㎐), four 16㎜ high speed cine cameras(100㎐ and 200㎐), and two different control objects(1M, 0.5M). The conclusions were obtained from results as follows ; 1. It showed that these were not a statistically significantly different accuracy between 2D and 3D(p>0.05). So it`s mere reasonable that cost, ease of use, no digitizing time make 2D a suitable alternative to 3D in case of much analysis work. 2. The frame rate of normal video camera(60㎐) was not suitable to analyze the rearfoot motion during distance running, so the frame rate should be over 150㎐ for more accurate analysis. 3. The average RMS of control object #1 and #2 were 0.259㎝, 0.209㎝, respectively, and it appeared to be smaller as smaller control object. Also, average RMS of 2D and 3D were 0.234㎝, 0.722㎝, respectively. 4. A statistically significant difference between video and film techniques reprediction errors was not found, especially reprediction errors of 2D DLT method showed lower. So video techniques offer many advantages over traditional filming methods if limitations of frame rate can overcome. 5. The placement of landmarks(M#2) using a pin attached method showed a more large value than a vertically attached method(M#1) in achilles tendon angle variables.

Key Words

김규완KimKew-Wan , 신원태ShinWon-Tae , 정운기JungOon-Gi

DOI:

Abstract

The propose of this study was to investigate the influence of scoring patterns of world cup football games on the scoring patterns of korean professional football league games and the changes of scoring patterns as time goes by. To accomplish the purpose of this study, it were compared between the scoring patterns of ‘94 world cup football games and ‘95 korean professional football league games, ‘98 world cup football games and ‘98 korean professional football league games, ‘94 and ‘98 world cup football games and ‘95 and ‘98 korean professional football league games,. All goals of 4 football meets were divided into 8 patterns and all scoring patterns were analysed by 3 experts and recorded in accordance with football games and scoring patterns. All data were analysed by x² method and the results were summarized as follows; There were shown significant differences of scoring patterns between ‘94 world cup games and ‘95 Korean professional football league game, and ‘98 France world cup games and ‘98 Korean professional football league game. And there were not shown significant differences of scoring patterns between two world games, ‘95 and ‘98 Korean professional football league game. The scoring patterns of two world cup meets were not significantly influenced on the scoring patterns of Korean professional football league games and the scoring patterns were not significantly influenced on the scoring patterns as time goes by.

Key Words

류재균RyuJae-Kyun , 김혜영KimHye-Young , 백진호BackJin-Ho

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was investigated that the kinematics of performance variables adopted by long jumpers during the last three strides of the approach are significantly related to tie distance of the jump, and that why national long jumpers was not jumped into the distance of 8m. This study was accomplished on the basis of the finding of Hay and Nohara(1990) that the record should be influenced by the naming position during the approach. Resulting kinematic data were obtained for the last three strides, touch down, and takeoff for a total of 15 jumps by two video cameras filmed at 60㎐. It was conformed that the changing in the length of the last three strides made a translation of the takeoff position, so that the like of spring developed the elasticity. The subjects achieved a maximally high horizontal velocity of their CG at the second-last stride. But they have characteristics that the flight distance reduces gradually from the last three strides, that the touchdown distance is short at the takeoff, that the takeoff is an aspect of the high position of the CM to the last stride before the takeoff. It was concluded that the national long jumpers need to have a second-last stride slightly longer than the stride found during the immediately preceding part of the approach, a touchdown leg that s placed well in front of the body, and a vigorous upward lift of the free(lead) leg, arms and torso.

Key Words

박창숙ParkChang-Sook , 김로빈KimRo-Bin , 최지영ChoiJi-Young

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study wes to verify the movement pattern of the lower limb in vertical jumping and observation mechanism of the impact force in landing. To do so The cinematography and ground reaction force was collected. For the investigation the subjects preformed five types of CMJ jumping motions(1. bear foot, 2. burson, 3. co shoes, 4. 3 ㎝ co shoes, 5. 5 ㎝ co shoes). The film data was collected by one 8 ㎜ video camera and using the Arial capture program and iomega Buz-motion capture card the film data was expanded to 60 filed, after this the raw data was ade by the Arial Performance Analysis System(APAS). The ground reaction force was collected by a force plat with a collecting frequency of 500㎐. These data were analysed by Labview Graphical Program. 1. The time variance of each shoe condition showed the height of the heel of the shoe increased the time of the preparing phase and motion phase increased and the time of the airborn phase decreased also the time of the landing phase increased. 2. The absolute angle of the foot segment in bear foot and 3 ㎝ co shoe showed a t-value of -3.926 (p<.05) and with bear foot and 5 ㎝ co shoe showed a t-value of -3.196(p<.05), showing a increase of angle as the height of the shoe condition increased, and the angle of the thigh segment the decreased as the height of the shoe condition increased. 3. The angle of the ankle deceased as the height of the shoe condition increased, indicating that in the lower shoe conditions the ankle joint was acting more appropriately. 4. The time interval of the minimum knee angle was fastest in the bear foot condition indicating that in the lower shoe conditions a more efficient jump was preformed. 5. The minimum hip angle accord with the minimum knee angle. After 3-4 frames the minimus ankle angle acoord. This pattern is a typical push-like movement pattern. 6. The maximum angular velocity of the knee angle and hip angle increased as the height of the shoe condition increased. 7. The ground reaction force showed the timing of the maximum ground reaction force was delayed as the height of the shoe condition increased. 8. The impact force at the landing phase was smaller as the height of the shoe condition increased, but the timing of the maximum peak value of the ground reaction force was faster as the height of the shoe condition increased.

Key Words

신인식ShinIn-Sik , 어기청LeeKi-Chung , 정철수ChungChul-Soo , 김관호KimKwan-Ho

DOI:

Abstract

Photogrammetric reconstruction method has been a major issue in human motion studies. Extracting accurate motion data from economic equipment is a goal of the method. As a result of that, there have been much prates in hardware such as video system and in softwares which are available in the market. Although the commercial motion analysis systems are convenient to use, it costs much funds and requires frequent upgrade for changing computer operating system. The purpose of this work was to provide low cost three dimensional video motion analysis program which can be run in 「Windows」 operating system produced by Microsoft company. This program enable us to work only the video recorder/player and video capture board. Once the video some is stored in the form of AVI file, the way of analyzing human motion is unlimited to the number of files or personal computers. Several filtering techniques are adopted to improve the accuracy of reconstructed data for different motion analysis. The accuracy of the data analysis for impact cases such as golf swing, volleyball spike, football kick, and Taekwondo chop, is greatly improved by use of split data processing technique which is not possible yet in most of other motion analysis programs available in the market.

Key Words

이기청LeeKi-Chung , 신인식ShinIn-Sik , 최희남ChoiHee-Nam

DOI:

Abstract

Improving sports performance through motion analysis is the key research topic that sport biomechanics has addressed. However, the results of motional analysis studies for sports could not be fully applied to the real world because of several reasons including analysis tools, time, cast, and etc.. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors influencing team performance in C quick spike. Two men`s semifinal games were analyzed for three-dimensional analysis. The receive-to-set time, set-to-spike time, setter-moving distance, ball position at setting, attacker`s impact position, attacker`s relative position to the ball, spikable area, and set speed were kinematically analyzed. To evaluate factors to predict C-quick performance, independent t-test and logistic regression analysis were conducted. Among the various kinematical factors considered in this study, only spikable area was found to be related to C-quick performance. This finding implies that although their direct impacts were not significant the other factors could have indirect impact on offensive performance by increasing spikable area. Thus, receiver, setter, assistant attacker, and main attacker should practice for successful performance in each stage.

Key Words

이세용LeeSae-Yong , 진영관JinYoung-Wan , 최지명ChoiJi-Young

DOI:

Abstract

The purposes of this study was to very the shock absorbing mechanism in the condition of orthotic to enhance the function of orthotic at the point of shock absorbing. 1. There is no significant difference in the vertical impact force peak variables between each condition. In spite of showing no significant difference in vertical impact force peak variables, vertical impact force peak of soft orthotic condition is larger than other conditions. 2.26BW in soft orthotic condition and 2.03, 2.01 BW in each hard and shoe condition. 2. In loading rate variable, there were significant effects between hard orthotic condition and shoe condition. In the hard orthotic condition, similar amount of load is applied to the lower limb relatively in short period of time. This means that in hard orthotic condition has disadvantage mechanism in shock absorbing. 3. In loading rate variable, there were significant effects between soft orthotic condition and shoe condition. The main purpose of orthotic is to control abnormal motion of rearfoot. To achieve this function, hard orthotic is most commonly used. But at the other point of view, hard orthotic has disadvantage mechanism in shock asorbing. Therefore it is concluded that hardness of orthotic must be considered to enhance the function of orthotic.

Key Words

이연종LeeYeon-Jong , 백진호BaekJin-Ho

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the down syndrome children`s gait and compare them with normal children. The subjects used in this experiment were 7 down syndrome and 7 normal children with down syndrome, ranging in age from 8 to 12 years. Subjects performed casal walking with bare foot, wearing a swim suit. Reflective markers were placed on the joint of the body. Data were collected at 60㎐ of video camera to obtain the kinematic data. Kinematic data were filtered with a low-pass, fourth-order Butterworth filter with cut off frequency of 6㎐. Kinematic variables were stride time, ratio of stance and swing phase, stride length and width, stride velocity, head tilt, trunk tilt, pelvic rotation angle, and right knee and ankle angle at selected event. The conclusions were drawn as follows; 1. The down syndrome children showed shorter stride time and length and velocity than normal children. 2. The down syndrome children indicated more leaning head and trunk to forward than normal children 3. The down syndrome children more rotated their pelvic than normal children. 4. The down syndrome children indicated more flexed knee joint at RHC than normal children. 5. The down syndrome children showed less active ankle joint than normal children.

Key Words

이종락LeeJong-Rag , 안완식AhnWan-Sik

DOI:

Abstract

In the balance beam, there are lots of applied skills, which are essential to the following skills though they don`t occupy an important position in the degree of difficulty. As the skills are high degree and they have practical values, after analyzing three domestic top gymnasts, this report concludes as follows to use it as the basic document to improve the game ability. 1. It is desirable that the "Back Handspring" motion in the balance beam must be a horizontal movement which keeps the waist line flexible at the 1st, and 2nd stage and a big circle movement at the 3rd, and 4th stage. But, It seems that the horizontal movement distances are not related to the stature. 2. It is difficult to judge ability of performing motions only by the total time required for them. But it seems that the cause in time of the 1st motion causes rapid lengthening of the shoulder joint and hip joint to increase the elasticity to backward rising motion at the 1st, and 2nd stage and exerts influence on time and ability of performing motions. 3. The speed change of body balance at the 2nd stage is important to lengthening the body and causing the turning force. Besides, at the 3rd, and 4th stage, it appears that making the shoulder joint and hip joint lengthen and the waist line longer and remaining time in the air extend is desirable. However, It seems that the model "C" of this study didn`t increase horizontal speed. As a result, the direction of motional angle was pushed forward. 4. It is appeared that speed of the shoulder joint and hip joint is the most important cause of increasing the turning force till the 2nd and 3rd stage, and at the 4th stage, the maximum lengthening of shoulder joint and hip joint from the ground to the vertical direction helped the stable landing. In brief, in acting the "Back Handspring", at the 1st and stage. Big swing of arms enables hip joint not to be pushed forward and to balance both turning force and body. At the 3rd and 4th stage, Excessive lengthening of body, direct pushing of body after sticking it to the beam are main factors to be connected to following soft motions.

Key Words

Rafael E. Bahamonde , Young-tae Lim , Shawn Fluharty

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the role of the arms using two different types of arm swing during fitness walking. Ten females enrolled in a walking fitness class walked at a rate of 2.23±.13 and 2.29±.22 ㎧ using a natural arm swing(NAS) and a bent arm swing(BAS). In the BAS, the subjects were instructed to keep the elbow flexed to approximately 90° and to produce a pumping action from the shoulders. The subjects were filed outdoors using three-dimensional(3D) video procedures(60㎐). The Peak Performance Motion Analysis system was used to calculate the 3D coordinates of the body landmarks and to compute the kinematic parameters. To help in the interpretation of the kinematic data, five events of the walking cycle were selected: right heel strike(RHS), left toe off(LTO), left heel strike(LHS), right toe off(RTO), and second right heel strike(RHS2). T-tests for dependent measures using the Bonferroni technique for the adjustment of the alpha level(p<.003) were used to test the differences between the NAS and the BAS for each of the dependent variables. The dependent variables analyzed were: stride length(SL), stride frequency(SF), temporal phases, horizontal velocity of the center of mass, range of motion(ROM) of the joint angles, and shoulder and hip transverse rotations. No significant differences were found between the NAS and BAS for any of the dependent variables. When the subjects used the BAS there was trend to decrease the SL and increase the SF which produced a 3% increase in velocity. The lower extremities ROM and movement patterns were almost identical. The shortened stride length could have been the result of the smaller amount of rotation at the hips. Shoulder rotation showed a larger ROM when using the BAS than with NAS.

Key Words

진영완JinYoung-Wan , 김로빈KimRo-Bin

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to describe three-dimensional joint motion and torque in instep shooting of woman soccer players. This study was carried out using three-dimensional image analyzing method. Obtained coordinate data and the model developed using Cardan’s angles and Euler’s Equation were used to calculate the joint torques exerted on the kicking leg segments(thigh, shank and foot). The Cardan’s angles between the two embedded axes of the two connected segments were used to define the anatomical motions of segments. The anatomical motions and the joint torques of the segments were analyzed to understand shooting motion. The shooting motion show that as the angular speed of the upper leg decreases, the angular speed of the shank increases at a great tremendous speed. It presents, that the movement follows the proximal to distal sequence of segment motion in order to greater the rotation speed of the upper leg and the straight speed of the tip of the foot. The changes of the 3-D joint net torque appeared similar to the 3-D joint angular motion.

Key Words

김현권KimHyeon-Kwon , 문대성MunDae-Sung

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes of MDA(malondialdehyde) of sprague dawley rats after a 8-week aerobic exercise. The research result by this experiment is following. Aerobic exercise did not affect on the production of MDA, but the melatonin supplementation and the combination of melatonin and exercise decreased the production of MDA significantly. According to the supplement of melatonin couldn`t know exercise function, free radical related to exercise, but we confirmed, the supplement of melatonin is partially reductive role damage by oxidization stress. Both in vivo and in vitro experiment appeared antioxidative activity, on this study, melatonin, excellent antioxidative is proved. But we are expect continuously on this study. Because don`t this study research mechanism effection, and action according to the degree of strength. If you will be continuously study the foundation of control to exercise disposal and supplement, muscle fatigue, cell injure by high train strength the second disease by gene injure etc are given to the prevention. We will suggest the concretely using method of melatonin.

Key Words

김동준KimDong-Jun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between the factors of job stressors and organizational effectiveness of the physical education teachers in secondary education system. For the purpose the hypotheoretical structure model was established by attaching importance to two factors of job stressor and the cohesion or effectiveness of organization in physical education teacher. The statistical methods used for testing analysis of convenience structure model. Results obtained through this procedure were as following: The result of analyzing the dependence of effect of cause which indwells in the job stress of the teachers and in organizational effectiveness as a each variation, it shows that the job stress factor has an effect directly of the cohesion and the organizational effectiveness and gives a indirect effect through the cohesion. Also, it shows that the cohesion has an effect on the organizational effectiveness directly.

Key Words

류태호YuTae-ho

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study were to understand factors affecting career identity development in a physical education(PE) teacher(male, mid 40s), and ways the factors interact each other. Life history approach with in-depth interview, participant observation, and collection of class documents and personal writings(e.g., poems and essays) was employed to describe and analyze data. Major finding can summarized according to the research question. It was found that factors affecting identity development included social relations, PE instruction, roles, and public perception toward PE. These factors played interacting roles coming outside and specified career identity as a PE teacher. Public perception toward PE was found to be strongly permeated among the public and institutionalized just like myths. Quality PE instruction with student provided him with the feeling of satisfaction and became an important factor in the development of identity. In addition, career identity tended to remain steady when the teacher accept and accomplish required functional roles. When the PE teacher interpret his roles in consideration of his ability and accomplish them, dynamic career identity could be achieved. Career identity is developed not through unidimensional, one-way process but through dialectic relationships. It also goes dynamic process rather than simple, oneshot changes.

Key Words

이병관LeeByoung-Kwan

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of physical education program` teaching styles on basic physical performance. Subjects of this study were six classes of middle school. And Subjects were randomly assigned to one controlled group and two experimental groups; Controlled group(2 classes, 70 subjects), Experimental group I (2 classes, 75 subjects) and Experimental group II(2 classes, 75 subjects). Each group was experienced with the different teaching styles during 8 classes. Controlled group was studied by direct instruction with current style, experimental group I was studied by indirect instruction with self-controlled style and experimental group II was studied by direct and indirect instruction with contested style. The items of basic physical skill were dribble, set-shot of basketball. All collected data was analyzed for mean, standard deviation, t-test, one-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA using results of pre-test and post-test. The following conclusions have been drawn from the results attained in this study. Three teaching styles have an impact on dribble and sot-shot of basketball, and contested style has an impact than self-controlled style and current style on basic physical performance.

Key Words

이종철LeeJong-Chul , 조흥식ChoHong-Sik

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to exam basic content Knowledge of class relating for Physical Education Teachers for effective teaching strategies and to identify the effect of the knowledge on teacher`s lesson planning. P.E. Teachers(n=250) who serve on middle and high school in Gyunggi-Do area were recruited using by random sampling. The questionnaire was consisted of two factors, such as basic content knowledge of class relating and lesson planning. Each factor have 4 sub-variables. For date analysis ons-way ANOVA and multiple regression were performed using by the SPSS PC win var 7.5. Results are as follows; First, there was no significant gender difference in only student understanding knowledge for basic content knowledge of class relating. Gender difference were not found in teaching environment knowledge, teaching method knowledge and curriculum knowledge. And there was significant gender difference in only feedback planning for lesson planning. No other effects were found. Second, there were significant experience difference in class environment knowledge and curriculum knowledge for basic content knowledge of class relating. And there were significant experience difference in content choice planning, class operation planning, and student evaluation planning for lesson planning. No other effects were found. Third, basic content knowledge of class relating have significant an effect on all factors for lesson planning, such as content choice planning, class operation planning, student evaluation planning, feedback planning.

Key Words

김주학KimJoo-Hak

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is examining the estimation methods of composite reliability for multiple-indicator measurement in power factor using structural equation modeling methodology. Power which is measured by four field tests were used in the study. Two hundred and forty sevens grade 2 middle school boys were employed in Seoul area for the power tests. Six different measurement models, varied by its systematic errors, were tested and compared for power factor. The composite reliability coefficients for test-retest stability model were estimated. Analyses of structural equation models were conducted using CALIS, a sub-program of SAS. The findings from the analysis results are followings. 1) for the multiple indicator power factor, model 1, 2, and 3 in which the systematic errors between two time points were not taken account showed not acceptable model fit while model 4, 5 and 6 in which the systematic errors were included showed good model fit. Two sets of models (model 1, 2, 3 and model 4, 5, 6) showed statistically significant differences in their model fit. 2) The estimated composite reliability coefficients of power factor were about .998 in model 1, 2 and 3 and about .902 in model 4, 5 and 6. Conclusively, In the estimation of the composite reliability for test-retest stability, systematic errors as well as the parallel measurement assumption between two time points should be considered in the measurement model to obtain accurate reliability coefficient.

Key Words

김동원KimDong-Won

DOI:

Abstract

This study analysis that how the characteristics of population statistics and, lifestyles influenced in behaviors after customer’s purchases. To do so, we selected members of commercial sports centers, located in In-choen metropolitan city, in 2000 present. Survey paper consisted of AIO(Activities, Interests, and Opinions) and factor analysis was 62.3%, cronbach’s α was .6668-8397. In handling data from this study, we used a statistic method of Multiple Regression Analysis. Through these methods and procedures, we found the results as follows: First, the characteristics of population statistics didn’t have an influence on the intentions for repetitive purchases. Secondly, the characteristics of population statistics didn’t have an influence on the recommendations of others. Thirdly, the causes of the lifestyles have an influence on the intentions for repetitive purchases. Fourth, the causes of the lifestyles had an influence on the recommendations of others.

Key Words

김상대KimSang-Dai , 이준희LeeJoon-Hee

DOI:

Abstract

This study was to understand factors involved of sports equipments for leisure in the university students who are in the class of dependent gain earing related and to elucidate the difference of characteristic relation, which is to be aimed of providing information that strategic planning of effective sports marketing to help, conducted research using self-administration method that is subjected 879 male student university which is located in Pusan. The information collected is analyzed by the package of statistics Window for SPSS V 7.5. The following conclusion was come to draw through processing of this study. 1. The frequency of participation in the activities of leisure sports according to eating related class is showed that a participation per week is the highest in the every population. 2. The type and purpose of sports equipments purchased for leisure have been researched. The type of purchased sports equipments in the latest one year is the highest in purchasing sports wear in the every populations, and then the purchasing of sports equipments in the population of 1.5 to 2 million won earned, the purchasing of equipments for leisure is showed in the other three populations. In the case of purchasing sports equipments, they are used mainly for ball events in the over 2.5million earned group, aquatic events(sports on the water) is in the group of 2 to 2.5million earned, field activity is in the group of 1.5 to 2 million earned, participation of health, matching, and so on in the group of 1.5 million earned under. 3. The main factor for purchasing of spots equipments for leisure is showed like this. The surrounding group which has the most an influence on purchasing, all the groups are influenced by friend in the school, and the relatives and family have a little influence on it relatively. 4. In the case of interesting on the matter of sports equipments for leisure, the group over 2.5 million earned is the highest, under 1.5 million earned is the lowest. In the standard of satisfaction on the purchasing goods, the group of over 2.5 million won earned is showed high, the other groups are showed average. 5. All the groups purchase sports equipments for leisure mainly in the agency and professional shop, the group under 1.5 million won earned mainly purchase sports in the traditional market and general shopping mall.

Key Words

김숙자KimSook-Ja , 홍양자HongYang-Ja , 이경옥LeeKyung-Ok , 함정혜HamJung-Hea , 방지선BangJee-Sun , 하지원HaJi-Won

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the strategies to activate community sports sponsorship. Respondents(n=488) were sampled from local community sports organizations, government bodies, media firms and private companies located nationwide in 1999. The strategies to activate community sports sponsorship can be proposed as studied in this research and they include: First, Paradigm shift on sports sponsorship; 1) Organize and dispatch sports sponsorship advertize team 2) Support team activities 3) Publish archives and papers. Second, Lift a ban on corporate sponsorship activities to support community sports events. Third, Specialists and professionals; 1) Introduce special credential systems such as sports marketer or sports manager 2) Re-educate leaders of community sports organizations by hosting seminars and workshops on sports sponsorship. Fourth, Support from government sector; 1) Extend favor of administrative and tax cut to motivate corporate sports sponsorship 2) Provide incentives to community organizations that win sponsorship through their own effort 3) Local government supports partnership between sports clubs in company and community sports clubs 4) Local government sends out letters of reference to corporations asking them to become sponsors. Fifth, Program and event development; 1) Develop community sports programs and carry out event development projects 2) Develop sports events associated with the resources for local tourism 3) Organize consortium of mid-sized companies and develop community sports events and programs 4) Develop community service program which can draw local government’s support, corporate participation in sponsorship and voluntary advertizement of media firms. Sixth, Develop marketing strategy; 1) Raise exposure of community sports(sports for all) through CI and educate public to understand and trust the importance of sports organization through CI 2) Create and advertise TM and slogan differentiated from pro-sports and elite sports.

Key Words

김영준KimYoung-Jun

DOI:

Abstract

To understand culture and its relationship to performance in sport organizations, it is necessary to look at the various contingencies that influence the organization. To be effective there must be a fit between such variables as environment, leadership style, structure, and culture. The propose of this study is to verify the relationship between leadership style and organizational culture of the commercial organizations. In order to achieve the aforementioned purposes, the relevant data were gathered from 481 male/female employees who worked at the commercial sport organizations which were located in Seoul and Inchon area. They were selected by the systematic cluster random sampling method. The questionnaire method was adopted to survey the organizational culture of the commercial sport organizations. The respondents were asked to fill in the blanks with the self-administered method. And the statistical methods used for the analysis of this study were Pearson`s correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The results of this study were as follows: Among the top manager`s leadership styles, relation-centered leadership style is the most influential factor to group culture style and developmental culture style. On the other hand, the autocratic leadership style is the most influential factor to authoritative culture style and rational culture style.

Key Words

김종KimChong , 김현석KimHyun-Suk

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study were to find out the trend and problems of domestic sport industry, and discuss the goals for development of Korean sport industry, developmental strategies, and tasks to achieve the goals. It was generate to add value of apart far the development of sport industry. Also, for increasing the profit margin of sport organization, it should develop the sport resource to make economic value and develop the sport marketing technique which can be applied in Korea. With the change of social environment, it is need to evolve the resource of sport industry in order to be leading role for development of sport industry, and select and support the specialized business units to bring up strategically. The policies improvement and financial support to the sport business firms for promoting sport industry were imperative. Also, The guidance for reasonable investment of firms and the setting for cooperative system among business firms were need for the profit increasing of firms. There are several developmental tasks as the development of specialized sport products, introduction and adjustment of advanced sport marketing techniques, setting the basic infrastructure for the expansion of sport industry. The subtasks of specialized sport products were (1) construction of sport facilities with public and private funds. (2) privation of public sport facility management, (3) introduction of the corporate sponsorship to the sport for all, (4) development and introduction of the sport events geographically. The subtasks of introduction and adjustment of advanced sport marketing techniques were (1) selling the naming right of stadium/arena to the corporation, (2) introduction of sport sponsorship systematical, (3) operation the program to bring up the sport marketers. The subtasks of setting the basic infrastructure for the expansion of sport industry (1) construction the sport industry supporting center, (2) bring up the sport venture firms, (3) construction the information network of sport industry, (4) support the specialized sporting goods development firms.

Key Words

노영태RohYoung-Tae , 서봉한SaoBong-Han , 이상봉LeeSang-Bong , 이영덕LeeYoung-Duk , 박병주ParkByung-Joo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze conditions and satisfaction of members who attend sports center managed by enterprise and to provide basic data for improving members` fitness, establishing welfare policy, spreading chance to involve sports activities, enhancing image of enterprise and establishing effective marketing strategy. The objective of this study was 526 members of sports center managed by enterprise in city of Tulsan. Questionnaires were completed through self-administration. Validity of questionnaire was tested by panel of expert and the result of reliability of satisfaction was α=.8968. We used SPSSWIN 8.0 to analyze gathered data. Chi-square test was used for analyzing conditions of members and One-way ANOVA was for analyzing facility service, managing service and psychological satisfaction. All statistical data were tested with p<.05. The result were as follows. 1. In frequency of attendance in a week, it was showed that numbers attend 2∼3days, 4∼5days, 1day and everyday in order. 2. In time of day, it was showed that they use sports center in the morning, in the evening, afternoon and early morning in order. 3. In using period, it was showed that they have attend for more than 3 years, 6 moths∼1 year, under 3 months, 1 year∼2 years, 3 months∼6 months and 2 years∼3 years in order. Especially, male, employees of company and workers in mechanic attend longer. 4. In consideration of choosing which sports center, it was showed that they consider how near it is, facility, diversity of program, speciality of lecturer in order. 5. In the purpose of using center, it was showed that they use sports center for health, recreation, releasing stress, losing and maintaining weight and preference to sports in order. 6. In medium for choosing which center, it was showed that they chose the center through recommendation of others, pamphlet, and so on, mass media in order. 7. In main facility to use, it was showed that they use swimming pool, weight training room, squash court and bowling center in order. 8. In satisfaction with facility service and managing service and psychological satisfaction, those who are male in sex, over 50 in age, over attend or retired from university in education state, more than 3million wons in income and have occupations involved in education in job showed higher satisfaction.

Key Words

안창규AhnChang-Kyu

DOI:

Abstract

The propose of this study is to apply and estimate relationship between sport participant frequencies and the choice behavior of sport facilities to clarify the process of decision making of sport consumer and to suggest basic data for the establishment of commercial fitness center management strategy. We investigated purchasing pattern of privately owned fitness center for 306 users located in Pusan, Korea, which data were produced by sampling survey. We identified sport consumer characteristics with data under consideration for the distinction of sex. And logit analysis is used to estimate relationship between each variables. These results were as follows; 1) The reliability and empathy of the quality of services exercised sport consumer`s on high probability of participant frequence of the fitness center. 2) And the tangibility and accessibility of quality of services is made an estimate as the factors to raise the participant frequence rate of the commercial fitness center. 3) In comparison with the distinction of sex, the assurance, reliability, and accessibility of quality of services affected the participant frequence rate of men, and those of women is influenced by the reliability.

Key Words

이문희LeeMun-Hee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the method of obtaining leisure activity information influences on real leisure consciousness. So the purpose embosses the importance of leisure industry informationalization as a facilitating strategy which activates leisure industry. The result of this study shows that establishing a computer reservation system and a connected information service system must precede, the change of mind that opens information to public network must be need, deep interest and investment must be needed for information service full of movement such as moving image information service with the revival of multimedia and superhigh speed information communications network. In addition to these, it must need the development and spread of CD-title which deal in information connected leisure.

Key Words

이용식LeeYong-Sik , 오연풍OhYoun-Pung , 조송현ChoSong-Hyeon

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine effects of stadium facilities on spectator response. Stadium facilities(e.g., parking, cleanliness, scoreboards and seat comfort) were defined as independent variables, while spectator reactions(e.g., continuous attendance and attendance intention) were defined as dependent variables. In order to accomplish this purpose, this study hypothesized as follows: I. Perceived Stadium Facilities will show a direct relationship with continuous attendance. II. Perceived Stadium Facilities will show a direct relationship with attendance intention. The sample was drawn from 568 spectators of professional basketball and volleyball. A questionnaire was designed to measure effects of stadium facilities on spectator response. The questionnaire was consisted of self-administration questions. The reliability coefficients of the questionnaire ranged from α=.72∼.84. The data was analysed through correlation analysis and regression analysis with the SPSS Windows Version 8.0 program. The results of this study are as follows: 1) Perceived stadium facilities effected on continuous attendance. Specially, quality of parking facilities, scoreboards and seat comfort effected on continuous attendance. 2) Perceived stadium facilities effected on attendance intention. Specially, cleanliness, scoreboard quality and seat comfort effected on attendance intention.

Key Words

이정학LeeJeoung-Hak

DOI:

Abstract

Motor sport is one of the most popular sports in the United State. More than 10 million fans attended NASCAR events in 1995, and an additional 120 million people watched NASCAR events on television (Motor age, March 1997). Although there is substantial interest in professional motor sport car race, it is surprising to note that there is little literature published on spectator views of car race factors affecting attendance of motor sport car race events. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of factors which influence attendance at events of the professional motor sport car race and to recommend the key target market for motor sport cars race. The survey instrument for this study was a self-developed tool constructed by the investigator using information attained from studies conducted by Zhang, Pease and Hui (1995) developed Spectator Decisions Making Inventory (SDMI). The study of 672 spectators obtained from Grand Prix Auto Race at Minneapolis. In result, motor sport car race event`s key target market was 30-49 year old males, who have professional and automotive industrial or electrical position. The 15 items among all three areas should be considered on when making marketing planning and strategies for motor sport race events.

Key Words

조만태ChoMan-Tae , 김상대KimSang-Dai

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to understand the activity of marketing which makes maximize the effects of Customer Satisfaction Factor on Repurchase Decision with satisfaction of customer. The subject is set over 20 years old, male and female as a population who are using sports centers which are located in the Pusan, current in 1999 year, sampled by systematic stratified cluster random sampling, in 543(Male: 242 Female: 301). The means of this study is based on the questionnaire of Japan Fitness Industrial Association(1997), it is used as study means after being modified, whether the substance of question is right in fitness and applicability or not. Reliability of the question, the range of Cronbach’s α is showed from .7659 to .8954. The equipment factor is consisted of as followed through factor analysis, leader step, program information service, exercise effect, customer management, lives of club, response in the front desk, facilities management, facilities in the exercise equipments. The statistics analysis method adapted t-TEST, ANOVA, Duncan-test, Pearson’s Correlation Analysis and Stepwise Multiple Regression. This conclusion of this study are as follows. First, the difference of customer satisfaction is showed in gender, age and academic background. Second, the difference of repurchase decision making is showed in gender, age. Third, the factor of customer satisfaction which effects the repurchase decision making is showed as customer management. So, the estimation over the current customer satisfaction in the sports facilities that is getting more and more important in the future market. But, there has to be the concrete the way to be able to access over what the customer expects. The concrete and realistic goals are pursued as strategic access on the background of consumerism to get rid of factors which are not able to reach expectation in access soft valuation.

Key Words

성영호SungYoung-Ho

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between leisure sports participation of employees and self-efficacy. The sample for this study were drawn from a total of 1,068 respondent which consist of 637 male respondents and 421 female ones who work in public institution and enterprise and participate in sport facilities located in Seoul area. The self-efficacy instrument which is standardized in Korean language by So(1996) have used for this study. The statistical methods utilized in this study in analyzing the collected data are description analysis, one-way ANOVA, analysis of covariance, multiple classification analysis, standard multiple regression analysis. From the analysis of data on the basis of statistical methods and procedure, the findings of this study are as follows: First, socio-demographic variables of employees are partially different by self-efficacy of participants of sports facilities. The variables of female and professional technicians revealed higher than the male any the other job in the categories of both social self efficacy and general self-efficacy-one of the subscales of self-efficacy. Second, there were significant differences between self-efficacy and the leisure sports participation of employees. For all of subscales of self-efficacy, leisure sports participants were higher than non-participants were. Third, there were no significant differences between self-efficacy and the pattern of leisure sport participation of employees.

Key Words

안성혜AhnSung-Hye

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to provide theoretical background for the advancement of dance sports by analyzing the differences in the cognition, and satisfaction with facilities, instructors, and programs by demographic characteristics of participants in dance sports. Subjects of this study were sampled from the participants in dance sport programs offered by regional culture center and social education center at colleges in Seoul, Pusan, and Taegu. Out of those population, 640 people participated in the study and completed questionnaires. Collected data were screened for reliability, and the questionnaires completed by 235 men(42.8%) and 314 women(57.2%) were considered valid and used in data analysis. The differences the cognition, and satisfaction about the facilities, instructors, and programs were analyzed by two-way ANOVAs. Duncan-test was used as post-hoc for significant main effects of factors that had more than two levels. Results of the study could be summarized as the following. 1) There were significant differences in the cognition of dance sport by region, age, and education levels. 2) Satisfaction with the facilities of dance sports was significantly different by gender, age, and education levels, and there was a significant interaction between gender and age. 3) Satisfaction with the instructors of dance sports was significantly different by region and age, and there was a significant interaction between gender and age. 4) Satisfaction with the programs of dance sports was significantly different by the region and education levels, and there was a significant interaction between gender and region. Taken together, in order to advance dance sport in Korea, it seems necessary to alter the social cognition of dance sport, establish the national certificate for dance sport instruction, and enhance the satisfaction of the participants with the programs.

Key Words

이경옥YiKyung-Ok

DOI:

Abstract

It is important to identify unhealthy practices not only for preventing and healing illness but also for developing fitness programs. The purpose of this study is to provide a method and a procedure that are useful in writing individual-based strategy for establishing health-maintaining and physical strength-improving practices. For the purpose, I surveyed female college students on their eating habit and daily activities. I examined the survey results from the viewpoint of energy-balancing. The results could be used as basic data in developing a procedure that helps to select appropriate sports activity, its intensity, frequency, and practicing time. They could also be utilized as a material in drawing a health-enhancing strategy as well as conducting physical education. Based on this study, I make following suggestions. The leaders of sport and leasure studies should exit from simply distributing sports activities such as swimming and badminton and go further to provide scientific sports programs that are tailored to each individual in terms of body composition - i.e. the ratio of muscle versus fat aid energy balance(intake and consumption). They ought to educate people on both the necessity and ways of consuming more energy. The leaders of sport and leasure studies should induce people to consume calory commensurate to energy intake, which is possible only after figuring out each individual’s daily life(particularly eating style and exercise) and body composition. In line with this strategy, the leaders of sport and leasure studies should provide each person with an individual physical activity program that contains proper sports, exercise time length, exercise frequency, and activity intensity.

Key Words

임재구LimJae-Goo , 임태성LimTae-Sung

DOI:

Abstract

In our society, sport activities have contributed to the revival and recreation of human-beings. The participation in sport is beneficial both for individual and society as a whole. The purpose of this study was to predict future trends of sport activities in this constantly changing society. Several factors can be identified in terms of future changes and trends in sport. First, sport activities may be consumed by means of individualized ways. That is, an individual is likely to involve in self-oriented and self-expressive activities. Second, people are inclined to enjoy sport in outdoor. This implies that sport experience can provide aesthetic achievement through ecological involvement. Third, sport activities may be combined and modified into a newly developed sport, which can meet diversified needs of customers. Fourth, with the development of high technology, sport equipments and facilities will be technologically advanced and utilized. Finally, adventure sports will gain popularity in the near future.

Key Words

강효민KangHyo-Min

DOI:

Abstract

This study investigated the changing of perceived leisure on participation of mastery swimming. Participants(N=322) were randomly selected from masters swimming program of swimming pool in seoul and Kyung-Kee. Results indicated that the meaning significant found the representation of the change of perceived of leisure on spending time and duration of participation in masters swimming. In sum, intrinsic motivation as perceived of leisure has changed along a duration of participation of masters swimming, less than 2 year has decreasing, from 3 to 5 years and from 6 to 8 years has increasing, and mere than 9 years has increased. Extrinsic motivation as perceived of work has changed which it is the gradually increasing as long as duration of participation. Perception of choice as perceived of leisure has changed, less than 2 years increasing, from 3 to 5 years decreasing, from 6 to 8 years has increasing, more than 9 years decreased. In the intrinsic motivation as perceived of leisure has changed along a spending time of participation of masters swimming, less than one hour has increasing, from one hour to two hours has decreasing, and more than two hours has increased. Extrinsic motivation as perceived of work has changed which it is the gradually increasing as long as time of participation. And perception of choice as perceived of leisure has changed which it is the gradually decreasing as long as time of participation.

Key Words

강미선KangMi-Sun

DOI:

Abstract

The primary purpose of the present study was to acquaint the information about the relationship between dance participation and dance achievement, and to verify the structural equation model based on the hypothetical framework that tested from the previous study(Kang, 1999) in order to determine the fitness of the model. The sample was drawn from 514 juniors majoring dance in 16 universities located in Seoul, Kyonggi-do, and Chungchong-do using a purposive sampling method from March to April, 2000. Data were collected through the questionnaire based on the Kang(1999)’s study. Covariance structure analysis method were used in order to solve problems of the study. On the basis of the results analysed, the conclusions were drawn as follows; 1. Firstly deviced structural equation model is not fitted the experience data through the base of overall fit measure. 2. Newly modified model that remove the intelligence factor, measured variable of the personal contributes as a latent exogenous variable is fitted the realistic data to some extent is well fitted, the experience data. 3. the primary unobserved variable affecting the dance achievement is self-concept, followed by the achievement motivation, dance participation, personal contributes, and significant others’ encouragement and interest. In summary, degree of dance participation(e.g. duration and time) contribute to anticipating how dancer can perform the dance by changing the self-concept and achievement motivation with personal contributes and significant others’ encouragement and interest.

Key Words

강헤련KangHea-Ruen , 배귀영BaeGuew-Young

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of dance role learning on the familism that is recognized as the basic principal and dominant social ethics in Korean society. The data collected in this study was comprised of responses to anonymous, self-report questionnaires. The subjects of this study were a total of 143 dance major female students and 137 non-dance major female students from universities which were located in Seoul, Korea. This study developed < A Survey on the Dance Role Learning and Familism > consisting of 31 questions to measure the related variables. The instrument used in this study was based on familism scale developed by Ok(1989). The analysis of covariance(ANCOVA) and the multiple regression analysis were used to analyse the collected data. From these procedures we can describe the results of this study as follows: First, there was statically significant difference in the perception of familism between dance major female students and non-dance major female students. Second, familism was influenced by degree of dance participation, mostly by duration of dance participation.

Key Words

김운미UnMiKim

DOI:

Abstract

This study was intended to investigate Korean dance education in the 1960s from a sociological perspective under the consciousness that it was significant for the dance world as well as the educational world. The findings were summarized as follows: First, there existed the problem concerning the dancer and the spontaneity of dance creation. In the 1960s, the Korean dance world only followed the illusion of the new dance which had dominated the 1930s but did not nurtured an eye for contemplating life as the artist because it took an interest in the new. As a consequence, the dance world remained stagnant and people recognized the dancer as a kind of skilled person nurturing skills. Second, there was the problem as to the role of the dancer and the dance educator. The expanded social consciousness of dance, the establishment of the department of dance by college/university, the reorganization of the National Curriculum by the regime of the 3rd republic for rational education and so forth provided an opportunity for the dance education to establish itself gradually as artistic education But, no alternative was provided for schooling to be able to maximize the educational value of dance as the sharing of the role between the dance world and the department of dance in college became ambiguous due to their close relations. Third, there was a problem as to the process for dance education to be accommodated through the person specializing in dance appointed as the physical education teacher. Teachers acquiring the bachelor’s degree on dance could not perform their role either as physical education teacher or as dance teacher under the poor educational environment under which they should perform the subject of dance as a unit of physical education even though they completed a specialized curriculum of dance in college. Fourth, there was a problem as the limitation and transformation of dance education from a sociological aspect. In the 1960s, the Korean dance world was not in a position to take the lead in the change of the times or establish philosophy corresponding to the change in crystallizing its idea of dance work. For this reason, they were not connected to the development of the dance world, which resulted in dance educators feeling confused in achieving the goal of dance education.

Key Words

민성희SungHeeMin

DOI:

Abstract

This paper is to survey similarity and difference between minimalism in Postmodern dance and Minimalism in Korean Creative Dance. The series of works which were put on the stage after the mid-1980’s, such as "Dance Model" by Kim Mae-ja, "Vitalizing Dance" by Kim-Hyeon ja, "How close did you come up here?" by Kim Young-heui, and "Unfinished Dance" by Kim Sun-mi, have through static motions maximized the meaning of the margin of motions and have thereby brought a distinct stream to the Korean Creative Dance. These works of dance have accepted a methodology of dance, as it is called minimalism, under the influence of Western postmodern dance, and have at the same time brought to relief the beauty of ‘motion amidst rest’, the beauty of dance native to Korea. In this connection, we can clearly know the relation between the Western minimalism and the Korean Creative Dance in the sense that both of them have tie same root of the matter. The Western minimalism follows a monistic standpoint aimed at the harmony of the body with the mind under the influence of phenomenology ranging over Husserl and Merleau-Ponty, while the beauty of Korean dance has achieved a distinct aestheticism of dance, as it is called ‘motion amidst rest’, through the tradition of Confucianism-Buddhism-Zen which firmly maintains a monistic standpoint But the Western minimalism have tried to unite the dualistic elements of the body and the mind into monism, while minimalism shown in the Korean Creative Dance is clearly contrasted with the Western minimalism in that the former reveals by natural intuition the already-formed monistic beauty of ‘motion amidst rest’. On a closer examination, we can say that a new epoch of dance art has been opened in that the minimalistic works of dance ranging from the mid-80’s to the mid-90’s in the Korean Creative Dance have accepted the Western minimalism while characterizing the beauty of ‘motion amidst rest’, a spirit of dance native to Korea.

Key Words

유희주HeeJuRhyu

DOI:

Abstract

Through human history, gender discrimination has been dominating our society for a long time. It is feminism movement that raised by women against this deep-rooted gender discrimination. Feminism movement, generally known as movement for women rights, is translated as a flow of acquiring women rights and freedom, and it is gradually changing our recognition of women. With the advent of feminism, women-based women right movement occurred in the fields of art, theater, and cinema, and specifying work in each theme and form has been greatly advanced from the early 20th century. However, in dance dominated by women, there are views of feminism, but it is not concreted yet in other fields such as the mass media, religion, theatre, art and cinema. Also, there are not many so-called feminist dancers in Korean modern dance field. Accordingly, this paper examines modern dance works performed in the 1990s and feminism inclination in them, and the concept of feminism and its ideological characteristics as a background research. Also, this study examines the aspects of Korean modern dance history which started from Bae gu-Ja to look at how feminism is based on Korean modern dance field by dividing Korean modern dance history into each period, and investigated how feminism performance is being done in the 1990’s modern dance field. Based on the research above, this study examines Park In-Suk’s 「Maria Complex」 which describes women’s suffering through the problems of abortion, Park Myoung-sook’s 「A morning wake up alone」, which describes the process that an ordinary housewife wakes up to self-consciousness, 「Emi(The mother)」 which reexamines the features of oppressed women by patriarchal chauvinism from the past to the present, and Chun Mi-sook’s 「Female flower」 which describes the features of oppressed women as an aspect of will for woman emancipation, and studied the characteristics of those feminism works through interview with choreographers. As a result, feminism inclination presented in the 1990’s Korean modern dance works is as follows. First, most of those works deal with pains of the oppressed women under the ideology of man dominance and dark historical background of Korean nation, and self finding problem of women, and they reflected much of women’s problem at home. Second, women’s image in the works are positive, subjective, and women make efforts to develop their own life escaping social restraints. Third, stage setting and items used in the works reflect female image, and play a role of symbolically suggesting and delivering difference between the oppressed and the emancipated women. Fourth, when analysing general choreography intentions and subjects in those works, they include various inclinations of feminism such as radical feminism, existential feminism, echo feminism, psychoanalytic feminism, liberal feminism, and Marxism feminism, and features of women intended by each different feminism inclination are portrayed. This paper is intended to make basis of activating feminism performance and to help advance the settlement of feminism performance in Korean dance field by studying feminism inclined modern dance works performed in Korea in the 1990s, and letting dancers, majority of dance population, accept the point of view of feminism.

Key Words

이숙재SookJaeLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to do a research on how to develop satisfactory creative dance programs for the advancement of infants’ sociality. The programs are assumed to be necessary for the infants in the basic formative years to become later socially stable and desirable citizens. For this purpose I have first discussed for a theoretical background somewhat about socially advancement, infant’s development characteristics, and features of creative dance. Secondly, I have selected the research material on the basis of the fundamentals of dance and the general aims of infants’ education for the advancement of sociality. Thirdly, I have limited the contents of the class to creative dance in order for the infants to take part in creative actions with interest. Unlike the earlier movement called ‘dance’ or ‘play’, the creative dance is believed to enhance the potentials of the infants as human-beings through its emphasis on the respect for man’s individuality and for man’s movement, the core aspect of man. The contents and methods of dance instruction of this program will lay a foundation for an effective problem solving through creativity, a training of convincing expression ability, and the overall body movement. But the program suggested in this study is only one of the many ways of dance education; therefore, it is desirable for a more detailed and step-by-step program to be developed, which takes into consideration the various environmental conditions of the infants and their personal differences.

Key Words

이애경AeKyungLee

DOI:

Abstract

In the Korean traditional cultural heritages, Yongsanjae in the Buddhist ceremony is well-inherited with its original form preserved and it is assigned as the Intangible Cultural Asset for its artistic importance of the music and dance. For the study on Jakbop of Yongsanjae, the researcher of this dissertation has personally learnt the Jakbop for 10 years. With this experience, the researcher has tied to consider the process and elements of Yongsanjae ceremony, the kinds and characteristics of Jakbop - the dance element which forms Yongsanjae. Following with the classification of the extracted dance movements of Jakbop, the researcher arranged their names, analysed them, and investigated the characteristics and meanings of the movements. Through this procedure of the study on Dance-movement in Jakbop, there could be drawn the peculiar consciousness in Jakbop as follows : 1. The dance in Jakbop is a courtesy of the rest amidst nation expressing a respecting mind, a striving attitude and the purity. 2. Jakbop is the dance as a ceremony which arouses its meaning and theme through the repetition of brief and simple movements. 3. Jakbop is the state that the dancer`s mind gets united with his/her dancing body. 4. Jakbop is the process of a penance to reach for absolute truth, and the state of an intuitional ecstasy led to a delightful mind through this process.

Key Words

이애주AeJooLee , 송미숙MiSookSong

DOI:

Abstract

The purposes of this study was to develop a Korean traditional dance education program. Large scale survey, literature review, and expert meetings were employed to develop Korean traditional dance education program. A total of 96 teachers and 90 students responded to a battery of questionnaires on attitude toward dance education, current status of dance education, and the needs and preferences regarding dance education program. Review of dance education literature(e.g., curriculum materials, physical education textbooks, academic books, etc.) revealed considerable differences in the coverage of Korean traditional dance education across 8 physical education textbooks. In addition, materials presented in the literature might not be helpful in designing dance education program. The findings from the survey and literature review were discussed in the expert meetings. Result obtained from this research are as follows: First of all, as a result of document analysis when P.E books compare to other books there were differences in content of Korean dance and especially it includes no exploration of interest of students as well as lack of dance in length for their developing standard. Secondly, the P.E books do not cover what students are preferring as shown in the questionnaire which tells us that the preference and the books do not go in agreement. Third, as a result of two conference within strategist Korean dance educational program that has composition of 12-stage is finally confirmed. This developed Korean dance program has well covered the educational value.

Key Words